Infections & Immunity

Question 1

What are infections caused by?

Answer 1

By pathogenic viruses, bacteria, protozoans/fungi

Question 2

What is a plants immune response to an infecting pathogen?

Answer 2

Recognize the shape of the infecting pathogen
Produce Salicylic acid
Activate resistance genes
Self destruct, form and area of dead cells and prevent infection spread

Question 3

What is systemic acquired resistance?

Answer 3

When SA moves from site of infection through phloem of uninfected parts to activate immune system to produce defensive compound to make entire plant resistance to pathogen

Question 4

What is an animals first line of defense?

How.

Answer 4

Skin

Prevents germs from getting in body

Question 5

What is an animals second line of defense? (2)

Answer 5

Primary: inflammation and fever - destroys germs and prevents them from spreading
Secondary: immune system - fights + destroys germs that have spread

Question 6

3 types of white cells

Answer 6

B lymphocytes: produce antibodies
T lymphocytes:
Phagocytes: (macrophages) destroys germs by phagocytosis/Ingestion

Question 7

3 types of T lymphocytes?

Answer 7

CD4 cells: start immune response to infection
Killer T cells: destroys cells containing virus
Suppressor cells: close down immune response

Question 8

What is the process of an lymphocytes producing antibodies?

Answer 8

Communicate
Produce
Destroy
Create

Question 9

4 functions of antibodies?

Answer 9

Cause bacteria cells to burst
Label germs for phagocytosis
Make germs clump - weakening them
Neutralize bacterial toxin

Question 10

What are phagocytes and where are they produced?

Answer 10

Large lymphocytes that can change their shape

Produced in red marrow, move to lymphoid and connective tissue

Question 11

Functions of phagocytes?

Answer 11

Actively looks for germs to engulf them, causing a phagosome
Vacuole in phagocyte destroys germs, resultant molecule absorbed in cytoplasm to be used by cell

Question 12

What is an antibiotic?

Answer 12

Substances that fight infections caused by bacteria but that no effect on viruses

Question 13

How do antibiotics destroy bacteria directly?

Answer 13

Prevent proper formation of cell wall -> bacteria unstable then bursts
Damage cell membrane -> permeability changes-> cell contents leak
Affect RNA and prevent protein synthesis -> prevent protein and enzyme formation causing death

Question 14

Negatives of antibiotics for humans:

Answer 14

Side effect pa: nausea, diarrhea, stomach cramps, yeast infections
Allergies: (penicillin) breath shortness, itching, swelling

Question 15

Negatives of antibiotics for bacteria:

Answer 15

Can be resistant and carry on reproducing

Super bugs

Question 16

What is antibiotic resistance?
Why?
Causes?

Answer 16

Evolves naturally acting upon random mutation
Bacteria breed rapidly, mutations could be resistant, resistant trait multiples
Repeated antibiotics
Incorrect use of antibiotics

Question 17

What is a vaccine?

Answer 17

A suspension of dead weekend or fermented micro-organism that stimulate the production of antibodies which induces immunity
(Make them immune to the disease)

Question 18

What are natural antibodies?

Answer 18

Biosynthesis: antibodies made by living organisms such as fungi and penicillium

Question 19

What are synthetic antibodies?

Answer 19

Changed atoms in penicillin molecules for different effects

Question 20

What are therapeutic proteins?

Answer 20

Insulin and growth factors produced by recombinant PNA tech

genetic engineering