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Biology > Infections and Response > Flashcards

Infections and Response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

a microorganism that enters the body and can cause infectious diseases. Plants and animals can be infected.

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2
Q

What is bacteria?

A

small cells that produce quickly that can produce toxins that make you feel ill, damaging your cells and tissues.

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3
Q

What are viruses?

A

Small cells that can reproduce quickly. Viruses can live inside your cell where they replicate. They then burst out of the cell releasing new viruses.

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4
Q

What are Protists?

A

eukaryotes. Some are parasites that live on or inside other organisms carried by a vector.

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5
Q

What are fungi?

A

can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Some have hyphae that grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants. They produce spores which can spread to other plants.

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6
Q

How are pathogens spread?
(3)

A

Water - dirty water
Air - carried by air and breathed in
Direct contact - touching contaminated surfaces including the skin

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7
Q

Name 3 viral diseases

A
  • measles
  • HIV
  • tobacco mosaic virus
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8
Q

How are measles spread?

A

By droplets of liquid from sneezes and coughs.

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

A red rash on the skin
fever

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10
Q

What can measles lead to?

A

Pneumonia

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11
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

sexual contact or exchanging body fluids.

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12
Q

Why is HIV so bad?

A

The virus attacks the cell in the body immune system.

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13
Q

How do you control HIV?

A

using antiviral drugs.

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14
Q

What happens if the body can no longer cope with any other infections?

A

The late stage of HIV, called AIDS.

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15
Q

What does tobacco mosaic virus affect and how do you know its been affected?

A

It affects plants. some parts of the leaves will become discoloured.

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16
Q

What does tobacco mosaic virus do to the plant?

A

it stops the plant from carrying out photosynthesis, it will affect the plants growth.

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17
Q

What is an example of a fungal disease?

A

Rose black spot

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18
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

spread by the wind or the water.

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19
Q

What does Rose black spot do?

A

black spots will be on the leaves of the plant, and the plant would be less likely to photosynthesise. This makes the plant stop growing as well.

20
Q

How is rose black spot treated?

A

using fungicides and removing the leaves off the infected plant.

21
Q

What is an example of a protist disease?

A

Malaria

22
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

Direct contact through mosquitos.

23
Q

What does malaria do?

A

The protist would be inserted into the blood vessel and cause a fever.

24
Q

How does the mosquito get the parasyte?

A

When they feed on an infected animal.

25
Q

What are the two examples of a bacterial disease?

A

Salmonella
Gonorrhoea

26
Q

What does salmonella cause?

A

Food poisoning.

27
Q

What are symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea.

28
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

A sexually transmitted bacterial disease that is passed on by sexual contact.

29
Q

Whare are symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

pain when urinating
thick yellow/green discharge from the vagina or penis.

30
Q

What are ways to prevent the spread of diseases? (4)

A
  • being hygienic
    washing hands thoroughly
  • Destroying vectors
    insecticides or destroying their habitat
  • isolation
    isolating an infected person will prevent the spread
  • Vaccination
    people cannot develop the infection and then pass it on.
31
Q

What are ways that the body fights pathogens?

A

The skin acts as a barrier to the pathogens
Hairs and mucus in your nose traps particles
The trachea and bronchi secrete mucus to trap pathogens.
The stomach contains hydrochloric acid that kills any pathogens that enter the body via mouth.

32
Q

What is the immune system?

A

it kills any pathogens that enter the body.

33
Q

What can a white blood cell do?

A

The white blood cell can engulf the pathogen and digest them.
Produce antitoxins to neutralise the toxins
Produce antibodies.

34
Q

What is significant of antibodies?

A

They are used to destroy the pathogen, a pathogen has antigens on their surface, antibodies only work on that one pathogen.

35
Q

What does a vaccine do?

A

It involves an inject of a dead or weakened version of the pathogen to protect us from future infections. It can carry antigens which cause your body to produce antibodies which will attack the pathogen.

36
Q

What are some pros of a vaccine?

A

Epidemics can be prevented
Helps to control communicable diseases

37
Q

What are some cons of a vaccine?

A

They don’t always work
Some people can have a bad reaction to it.

38
Q

What are examples of a drug?

A

Painkillers
Antibiotics

39
Q

What does a painkiller do?

A

relive the pain and symptoms, but do not tackle the cause.

40
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Kill the bacteria causing the problem, but does not work on viruses.

41
Q

What are the three stages of drug testing?

A

Pre-clinical testing:
Drugs are tested on human cells and tissues.
Testing carried out on living animals.
Clinical testing:
Tested on healthy human volunteers, starts at a low dose, then people with the illness to find the optimum dose.

42
Q

What is a placebo?

A

a substance that is like the drug but does not do anything.

43
Q

What is a placebo effect?

A

when the patient thinks the treatment is working even though nothing is happening.

44
Q

What is a blind trial?

A

When the patient does not know they are getting the drug or the placebo.

45
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

both the doctor and the patient do not know whether they are getting the drug or a placebo.

46
Q
A

Biology (6 decks)

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