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Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the required practical for cell biology and how to do it?

A

The microscopy practical is to use a light microscope to observe, draw and label a selection of plant/animal cell including a magnification scale.

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2
Q

What is the equation for actual size?

A

Image size / magnification

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3
Q

What is the function of the sperm cell?

A

to get the male DNA to the female DNA.

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4
Q

How is the sperm cell adapted to its function?

A

Streamlined head - for rapid movement in search of its target
long tail - to allow them to move to the desired target
mitochondria to provide energy.

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5
Q

What is the function of the nerve cell?

A

To send electrical impulses around the body.

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6
Q

How is the nerve cell adapted to its function?

A

It is long to cover more distance.
Branched connections to connect in a network.

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7
Q

What is the function of the muscle cell?

A

To contract quickly.

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8
Q

How is the muscle cell adapted to its function?

A

long to contract and relax with other cells
lots of mitochondria for energy.

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9
Q

What is the function of a root hair cell?

A

To absorb water from the soil.

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10
Q

How is the root hair cell adapted to its function?

A

A large surface area to absorb more water
lots of mitochondria to prove the energy needed for active transport.

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11
Q

What is the function of a phloem cell?

A

Transport food substances around the plant.

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12
Q

How is the phloem cell adapted to its function?

A

Has pores to allow cell sap to flow
Sieve tubes - specialised for transport.
Companion cells - transport of substances requires energy, companion cells provide that by being attached to the sieve tubes.

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13
Q

What is the function of a xylem cell?

A

Transports water through the plant.

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14
Q

How is the xylem cell adapted to its function?

A

lignin - strength and support to the plant.
hollow tube so the water can go up.

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15
Q

What direction does the phloem travel?

A

up and down

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16
Q

What direction does the xylem travel?

A

Only up from the roots to the leaves.

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17
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell that does not contain a nucleus and other organelles.

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18
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell that contains a nucleus and other organelles.

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19
Q

What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Bacteria cell

20
Q

What does a bacterial cell have?

A

a single strand of dna
cell wall
chromosomes
cell membrane
cytoplasm
flagella

21
Q

What are the examples of an eukaryotic cell?

A

Animal and plant cells.

22
Q

What does an animal cell have?

A

Nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes

23
Q

What does a plant cell have?

A

nucleus
cytoplasm
chloroplast
cell membrane
permanent vacuole
mitochondria
ribosomes
cell wall

24
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

genetic material that includes DNA, this control’s the cell’s activities.

25
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

a jelly like material that contains dissolved nutrients and salts and structures called organelles. It is where most chemical reactions occur.

26
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

27
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

where most energy is released in respiration.

28
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

where protein synthesis occurs.

29
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Where photosynthesis takes place as it has organelles that absorb light called chlorophyll.

30
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Strengthens and supports the cell.

31
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

contains cell sap to help keep the cell turgid.

32
Q

What are stem cells?

A

A cell that has not yet differentiated but can change into a specific type of cell. Once differentiated it can not be turned back.

33
Q

What is the difference between an embryonic stem cell and adult stem cell?

A

An embryonic can differentiate into any type of cell. An adult stem cell can only differentiate into certain types of cells.

34
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells found?

A

in an early embryo cell.

35
Q

Where are adult stem cells found?

A

in the bone marrow or heart.

36
Q

What is the use of embryonic stem cells?

A

to regenerate or repair diseased tissues and organs.

37
Q

What is the use of adult stem cells?

A

Replace old stem cells and replace with new ones.
replace injuries

38
Q

What is the problem of using stem cells?

A

The stems cells mostly used are embryonic and those are from embryos who have human life, scientists should find other sources for stem cells.

39
Q

What is the argument for using stem cells?

A

Curing patient with stem cells is more important than the rights of an embryo.
They are using unwanted embryos, which would normally be destroyed.

40
Q

Where are the plant stem cells found?

A

in the meristem.

41
Q

What is the use of the plant stem cell?

A

Can produce clones of the plant and be used to grow crops with desired features for a farmer.

42
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are in a human cell?

A

23 pairs.

43
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

A double helix of DNA.

44
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the process of which particles with a higher concentration moves to an area of lower concentration.

45
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane. From a high concentration to a low concentration.

46
Q

What is active transport?

A

movement of substances against the concentration gradient.

Biology (6 decks)

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