Cell Biology Flashcards
What is the required practical for cell biology and how to do it?
The microscopy practical is to use a light microscope to observe, draw and label a selection of plant/animal cell including a magnification scale.
What is the equation for actual size?
Image size / magnification
What is the function of the sperm cell?
to get the male DNA to the female DNA.
How is the sperm cell adapted to its function?
Streamlined head - for rapid movement in search of its target
long tail - to allow them to move to the desired target
mitochondria to provide energy.
What is the function of the nerve cell?
To send electrical impulses around the body.
How is the nerve cell adapted to its function?
It is long to cover more distance.
Branched connections to connect in a network.
What is the function of the muscle cell?
To contract quickly.
How is the muscle cell adapted to its function?
long to contract and relax with other cells
lots of mitochondria for energy.
What is the function of a root hair cell?
To absorb water from the soil.
How is the root hair cell adapted to its function?
A large surface area to absorb more water
lots of mitochondria to prove the energy needed for active transport.
What is the function of a phloem cell?
Transport food substances around the plant.
How is the phloem cell adapted to its function?
Has pores to allow cell sap to flow
Sieve tubes - specialised for transport.
Companion cells - transport of substances requires energy, companion cells provide that by being attached to the sieve tubes.
What is the function of a xylem cell?
Transports water through the plant.
How is the xylem cell adapted to its function?
lignin - strength and support to the plant.
hollow tube so the water can go up.
What direction does the phloem travel?
up and down
What direction does the xylem travel?
Only up from the roots to the leaves.
What is a prokaryotic cell?
A cell that does not contain a nucleus and other organelles.
What is a eukaryotic cell?
A cell that contains a nucleus and other organelles.
What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?
Bacteria cell
What does a bacterial cell have?
a single strand of dna
cell wall
chromosomes
cell membrane
cytoplasm
flagella
What are the examples of an eukaryotic cell?
Animal and plant cells.
What does an animal cell have?
Nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes
What does a plant cell have?
nucleus
cytoplasm
chloroplast
cell membrane
permanent vacuole
mitochondria
ribosomes
cell wall
What is the function of the nucleus?
genetic material that includes DNA, this control’s the cell’s activities.
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
a jelly like material that contains dissolved nutrients and salts and structures called organelles. It is where most chemical reactions occur.
What is the function of the cell membrane?
It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
What is the function of the mitochondria?
where most energy is released in respiration.
What is the function of the ribosomes?
where protein synthesis occurs.
What is the function of the chloroplast?
Where photosynthesis takes place as it has organelles that absorb light called chlorophyll.
What is the function of the cell wall?
Strengthens and supports the cell.
What is the function of the permanent vacuole?
contains cell sap to help keep the cell turgid.
What are stem cells?
A cell that has not yet differentiated but can change into a specific type of cell. Once differentiated it can not be turned back.
What is the difference between an embryonic stem cell and adult stem cell?
An embryonic can differentiate into any type of cell. An adult stem cell can only differentiate into certain types of cells.
Where are embryonic stem cells found?
in an early embryo cell.
Where are adult stem cells found?
in the bone marrow or heart.
What is the use of embryonic stem cells?
to regenerate or repair diseased tissues and organs.
What is the use of adult stem cells?
Replace old stem cells and replace with new ones.
replace injuries
What is the problem of using stem cells?
The stems cells mostly used are embryonic and those are from embryos who have human life, scientists should find other sources for stem cells.
What is the argument for using stem cells?
Curing patient with stem cells is more important than the rights of an embryo.
They are using unwanted embryos, which would normally be destroyed.
Where are the plant stem cells found?
in the meristem.
What is the use of the plant stem cell?
Can produce clones of the plant and be used to grow crops with desired features for a farmer.
How many pairs of chromosomes are in a human cell?
23 pairs.
What are chromosomes?
A double helix of DNA.
What is diffusion?
the process of which particles with a higher concentration moves to an area of lower concentration.
What is Osmosis?
the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane. From a high concentration to a low concentration.
What is active transport?
movement of substances against the concentration gradient.
