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Biology > Homeostasis and Response > Flashcards

Homeostasis and Response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

the regulation of a constant internal environment.

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2
Q

What is an example of homeostasis in humans?

A

Homeostasis regulates the blood glucose (sugar) levels, the body temperature, C02 levels and water levels.

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3
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The gap where the ends of two neurons meet. It transmits information between neurons.

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4
Q

What is the Human Nervous system?

A

It allows a fast, short-lived response to a stimulus in the surroundings.

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5
Q

What is a ‘receptor’?

A

Cells that detect changes (stimuli)

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6
Q

What is the ‘coordination centre’?

A

They receive and process information from receptors.

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7
Q

What is the effector?

A

Muscles or glands that change things.

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8
Q

What does the sensory neuron do?

A

It transmits impulses from the receptor to the spinal gland, they receive impulses from the receptor.

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9
Q

What does the Motor neuron do?

A

It sends impulses from the central nervous system to the effectors, these cause the reaction.

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10
Q

What does the relay neuron do?

A

It sends impulses from one part of the central nerve to another, they pass on messages.

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11
Q

What is the reflex reaction?

A

An automatic response which protects us quicker without thinking about it.

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12
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Brain.

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13
Q

Where is the parathyroid gland located?

A

Neck.

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14
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Trachea.

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15
Q

Where is the Thymus gland located?

A

above the heart

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16
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located?

A

kidneys

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17
Q

What does the Pituitary gland do?

A

controls growth in children, stimulates the thyroid to control metabolism.

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18
Q

What does the pituitary gland release?

A

Hormones like ACTH FSH AND LSH.

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19
Q

What does the pituitary gland stimulate?

A

The reproductive organs to make sex hormones and make sperm/release ova.

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20
Q

What does the Thyroid gland produce?

A

Hormones including thyroxine.

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21
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

Controls the metabolic rate of the body.

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22
Q

What does the Adrenal Glands release?

A

Hormones including adrenaline.

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23
Q

What does the adrenal glands do?

A

Prepares the body for stressful situations.

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24
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

insulins and others that produce glucagon.

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25
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Controls the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.

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26
Q

What do the testes release?

A

the sex hormone testosterone.

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27
Q

What do the testes do?

A

controls the development of secondary sexual characteristics and are involved in the production of sperm.

28
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

the sex hormone oestrogen and progesterone.

29
Q

What do the ovaries do?

A

Controls the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the menstrual cycle.

30
Q

What happens when glucose level is high?

A

Insulin is released.

31
Q

What happens when glucose levels are low?

A

Glucagon is released.

32
Q

What does insulin do?

A

It helps your liver cells absorb the glucose as glycogen.

33
Q

What does Glucagon do?

A

liver cells convert the glycogen into glucose which is gonna be used to be released in the blood.

34
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes?

A

No insulin in the body.

35
Q

Why is there no insulin?

A

Pancreas makes no insulin, the blood glucose levels are uncontrollable.

36
Q

What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?

A

Injecting insulin into your body.

37
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes?

A

insulin doesn’t work.

38
Q

What is the cause of the insulin not working?

A

The pancreas could be tired.

39
Q

What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?

A

exercise, eating healthy food.

40
Q

What is menstruation?

A

The breakdown and loss of the lining of the uterus.

41
Q

What is puberty?

A

The stage of life when the body develops in ways that allows reproduction.

42
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

the fusing of a male gamete with a female one.

43
Q

What is stage 1 of the menstrual cycle (day 1 - 5)?

A

lining of the uterus breaks down and is lost from the body.

44
Q

What is stage 2 of the menstrual cycle (day 6 - 12)?

A

follicles develop, the egg cells mature in follicles on the ovary. The lining of the uterus thickens.

45
Q

What is stage 3 of the menstrual cycle (day 13-15)?

A

When the egg is released from the follicle usually on day 14.

46
Q

What is stage 4 of the menstrual cycle (day 16-28)?

A

Uterus lining continues to thicken.
If fertilisation occurs the egg will implant and pregnancy will occur, if not the cycle restarts.

47
Q

What is a contraceptive?

A

the act of preventing a pregnancy.

48
Q

How does the oral contraceptive (‘the pill’) work?

A

It inhibits FSH so that an egg does not mature.

49
Q

What are the pros of oral contraceptives? (4)

A

Easily self administered
Short term effects
easily reversed
very reliable

50
Q

What are the cons of oral contraceptives?
(3)

A

May have mid side-effects associated.
Could lead to pregnancy if missed.
Does not protect from STI’s.

51
Q

How does an injection, implant or skin patch work?

A

They contain the progesterone which is slowly released to inhibit the release of eggs for months or even years.

52
Q

What are the pros of an injection, implant or skin patch? (3)

A

Administered through routine appointment at GP surgery
Requires little to no aftercare or maintenance.
Very reliable.

53
Q

What are the cons of an injection, implant or skin patch? (2)

A

Takes time for effects to be reversed once removed
Does not protect from STIs.

54
Q

How do condoms and diaphragms (female condom) work?

A

A physical barrier to prevent the sperm from reaching the egg.

55
Q

What are the pros of condoms and diaphragms? (4)

A

Easy to use
short term effects
very reliable
provides protection from most STI’s

56
Q

What are the cons of condoms and diaphragms? (1)

A

Can fail.

57
Q

How do intrauterine devices work?

A

The device is attached to the lining of the uterus and releases hormones or prevents implantation of an embryo.

58
Q

What are the pros of intrauterine devices?
(2)

A

Requires little to no aftercare or maintenance
very reliable.

59
Q

What are the cons of intrauterine devices?
(2)

A

Takes time for effects to be reversed once removed.
Does not protect from STI’s.

60
Q

How do spermicidal agents work?

A

Contains chemicals that kill or immobilise the sperm cells.

61
Q

What are the pros of spermicidal agents?
(2)

A

Easy to use
Short term effects

62
Q

What are the cons of spermicidal agents?
(2)

A

Does not protect from STI’s
Less effective if this is the only method used.

63
Q

How does abstaining from intercourse work?

A

Avoiding sexual intercourse when there is a likelihood of an egg being present on the oviduct.

64
Q

What are the pros of abstaining from intercourse?

A

Inexpensive.

65
Q

What are the cons of abstaining from intercourse?

A

Not always reliable.

66
Q
A

Biology (6 decks)

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