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3A > Infections and antibiotics > Flashcards

Infections and antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common bacterial cause of tonsilitis?

A

group A beta-haemolytic strep (strep pyogenes)

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2
Q

What is the bacteria associated with rheumatic fever?

A

group A beta haemolytic strep - usually strep. pyogenes from tonsilitis

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3
Q

What are the most common bacteria associated with infective endocarditis?

A

strep viridans
staph aureus
staph epidermidis

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4
Q

What causes croup?

A

parainfluenza virus type 1 or 3

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5
Q

what causes acute epiglottitis ?

A

human influenza type B

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6
Q

What causes bronchiolitis?

A

respiratory syncytial virus

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7
Q

what bacterial most commonly causes otitis media?

A

strep pneumonia
HiB
moraxella cararrhalis

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8
Q

what type of pneumonia is associated with having erythema multforme and eythema nodosum

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae

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9
Q

What antibiotic is used for bacterial tonsilitis?

A

Pen V
Clarithromycin/ erythromycin in penicillin allergic

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10
Q

What bacteria cause UTIS?

A

KEEPS
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Enterococci
E.coli
Proteus mirabillis
Staphylococcus aureus

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11
Q

what antibiotic is used to treat UTIs in adults

A

3 days trimethoprim or nitrofuratoin in women
men/complicated= 7 days

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12
Q

How are upper UTIs treated in children?

A

either IV or oral cephalosporin or co-amoxiclav

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13
Q

How are UTIs treated in pregnant women?

A

if early in pregnancy can give 7 days nitrofuratoin

If later can give 7 days cefalexin or amoxicillin

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14
Q

what bacteria causes syphilis?

A

treponema pallidum

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15
Q

how is syphilis treated?

A

IM benzathin penicillin
(alternative = doxycyline)

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16
Q

what test can be done for syphilis?

A

direct tests with swabs- dark field microscopy or PCR

serological tests: treponemal tests (TP-EIA or TPHA) or non-treponemal tests (RPR or VRDL)

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17
Q

what bacteria most commonly cause otitis externa?

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa and staph aureus

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18
Q

How is otitis externa treated?

A

mild- acetic acid 2%

Moderate- topical antibiotic and steroid
- neomycin (dexamethasone and acetic acid)
- neomycin and betamethasone
- gentamycin and hydrocortisone)

severe- oral antibiotics (flucloxacillin)

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19
Q

What might be used to administer antibiotics if very severe otitis externa

A

an ear wick (pope wick)

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20
Q

What needs to be checked before giving antibiotics for otitis externa

A

need to exclude perforated tympanic membrane- gentamycin and neomycin are ototoxic so can cause hearing loss if crossing the tympanic membrane

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21
Q

What bacteria most commonly causes mastitis?

A

staph. aureus

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22
Q

how is mastitis treated?

A

flucloxacillin 10-14 days

23
Q

What bacteria causes lymes disease?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

24
Q

What antibiotics are given for lymes disease?

A

doxycyline if early disease
ceftriaxone if disseminated disease

25
Q

How is lymes disease diagnosed?

A

ELISA test (not needed if eryhtema migrans is present)
- if negative repeat in 4-6 weeks
- if still negative = immunoblot test

26
Q

What antiviral might be considered in those at high risk with influenza

A

oral oseltamivir or inhaled zanamivir

27
Q

How is gonorrhoea treated?

A

IM 1g ceftriaxone

28
Q

how is gonorrhoea treated in needle phobic?

A

400mg oral cefixime and 2g oral azithromycin

29
Q

How is gonorrohoea diagnosed?

A

NAAT

30
Q

HOw is chlamydia treated?

A

doxycycline 7 days

31
Q

how is chlamydia treated in pregnant women?

A

azithromycin

32
Q

What bacteria cause bacterial vaginosis?

A

gardnerella vaginalis
prevotella species
bacteriodes species
peptostreptococcus species

33
Q

pathophysiology of how bacterial vaginosis occurs

A

bacteria such as gardnerella cause and overgrowth and replace normal vaginal bacteria- this leads to rise in pH

34
Q

How is bacterial vaginosis treated for?

A

microscopy- shows clue cells

35
Q

how is bacterial vaginosis treated?

A

oral metronidazole 400mg for 5-7 days
single dose 2g metronidazole (not if pregnant)
intravaginal metronidazole gel for 5 days

36
Q

What criteria is used for bacterial vaginosis ?

A

amsel criteria

37
Q

what makes up the amsel criteria?

A

vaginal pH > 4.5
typical discharge- thin, white, homogenous
positive whiff-amine test
clue cells on microscopy

38
Q

what bacterial causes scarlet fever?

A

Group A beta haemolytic strep (strep. pyogenes)

39
Q

How is scarlet fever treated?

A

oral pen V for 10 days (azithromycin if allergic)

40
Q

complications of scarlet fever

A

otitis media
peritonsillar abscess
acute rheumatic fever
acute post strep glomerulonephritis
pneumonia, meningitis

41
Q

How does scarlet fever present?

A

Sore throat, fever, headache
pinpoint sandpaper like rash
strawberry tongue
cervical lymphadenopathy
circumoral palor

42
Q

when can children with scarlet fever return to school?

A

24 hours after commensing antibiotics

43
Q

What bacteria causes whooping cough?

A

bordatella pertussis

44
Q

what antibiotic is used to treat whooping cough

A

azithromycin or erythromycin

45
Q

what causes slapped cheek syndrome?

A

parvovirus B19

46
Q

What causes staphyloccocal scalded skin?

A

staph aureus which produced epidermolytic toxins

47
Q

how is staphyococcal scalded skin treated ?

A

IV flucloxacillin
analgesia
hydration
hospital admission

48
Q

what are some complications of mealses

A

otitis media
pneumonia
encephalitis
subacute sclerosis panencephalitis

49
Q

what causes toxic shock syndrome?

A

toxin secreting staph aureus or group A streptococcal

50
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria of toxic shock syndrome?

A

temperature >38.9
hypotension (systolic BP <90)
diffuse erythematous rash
involvement of 3 or more organ systems (GI, mucous membranes, renal failure, CNS, thrombocytopenia)

51
Q

Pathophysiology of toxic shock syndrome

A

severe systemic reaction to staphylococcal exotoxins- in particular TSST-1 superantigen toxin

52
Q

How is impetigo treated?

A

if limited disease- topical 1% hydrogen peroxide or topical fusidic acid

if severe- flucloxacillin

53
Q

When can children with impetigo return to school?

A

when all lesions are dry and crusted, or over 48 hours after starting antibiotics

54
Q
A

3A (42 decks)

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