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Semester 3 > Infection Session 1 > Flashcards

Infection Session 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do antifungals have a high level of toxicity?

A

Fungi are eukaryotic cells (so are human cells) so it has hard to target fungus and not host cells

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2
Q

How are some individuals naturally immune to viruses?

A

Lack receptors for specific proteins/glycoproteins present on viral surface

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3
Q

What must the nucleic acid of a virus be supplemented by to form virions.

A

Host cell genes

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4
Q

Is the protein coat of all viruses similar?

A

No, varying degrees of complexity

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5
Q

What does the Baltimore classification system use to categorise viruses?

A

Nucleic acid structure and method of replication

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6
Q

Mycoplasma, Chlamydiae, Rickettsiae are all obligate intracellular parasites. What does this mean?

A

Need a cellular host to survive

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7
Q

Give an example of a ssDNA non-enveloped virus.

A

Parvovirus 19

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8
Q

Give an example of a dsDNA non-enveloped virus.

A

Adenovirus

HPV

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9
Q

Give an example of a dsDNA enveloped virus.

A

Herpes virus

Hepatitis B

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10
Q

Give an example of ssRNA +ve strand non-enveloped virus.

A

Coxsackie virus
Norovirus
Hep A&E

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11
Q

Give an example of ssRNA +ve strand enveloped virus.

A

HIV

Hep C

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12
Q

Give an example of a disease caused by a ssRNA -ve strand enveloped virus.

A

Ebola
Lassa Fever
Measles

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13
Q

Give and example of a dsRNA non-enveloped virus.

A

Rotavirus

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14
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Viruses that transmit DNA to a bacteria

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15
Q

How do bacteriophages cause disease?

A

Transmitted DNA codes for the production of toxins

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16
Q

How can bacteriophages contribute to antibiotic resistance?

A

Transmit DNA which contains resistance genes

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17
Q

Which part of the bacterial structure forms the basis for immunisations?

A

Polysaccharide capsule

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18
Q

What can bacteria release to aid pathogenesis?

A

Enzymes to increase invasiveness

Chemicals to gain nutrition from surrounding e.g. Iron

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19
Q

Which virulence factor do pili affect?

A

Adherence to host cells

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20
Q

How can obligate anaerobes survive in oxygen?

A

Form spores which coat the bacteria and protect it from oxygen

21
Q

Why can’t the same conditions used to kill vegetative bacteria be used for sterilisation?

A

Need much higher temperature and pressure to destroy spores

22
Q

What system is used to name bacteria, fungi and parasites?

A

Linnaean

23
Q

Give two examples of G+ve cocci.

A 
Staph aureus
Coagulase -ve staphylococcus
Alpha- and beta-haemolytic streptococci
Strep pyogenes/pneumoniae
Enterococcus faecalis
24
Q

Give two examples of G-ve cocci.

A

Neisseria meningitidis/gonorrhoea
Moraxella catarrhalis
Acinetobacter baumannii

25
Q

Give two examples of G+ve bacilli.

A

Listeria monocytogenes

Bacillus anthracis/cereus

26
Q

Give two examples of G-ve bacilli.

A

E. coli
Salmonella typhi
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae

27
Q

What is the causative agent in thrush?

A

Candida albicans

28
Q

Which organism causes an AIDS defining meningitis?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

29
Q

What type of mould are ringworm and athlete’s foot?

A

Dermatophytes

30
Q

What are single-celled parasites called?

A

Protozoa

31
Q

Give two examples of protozoa.

A

Giardia lamblia
Cryptosporidium parvum
Plasmodium falciparum

32
Q

What category of pathogen do roundworms, tapeworms and flukes belong to?

A

Helminths

33
Q

Give an example of a fluke which can cause malignancy.

A

Schistosoma mansoni

34
Q

What S/S are associated with tapeworm infection?

A

None - usually asymptomatic but can cause neurological disease

35
Q

What is the difference between yeasts and mould?

A

Yeasts are single celled fungi

Moulds are multicellular fungi

36
Q

What is an infection?

A

Invasion of a host’s tissues by microorganisms and disease

37
Q

What are microbiota?

A

Microorganisms carried on skin and mucosal surfaces which are normally harmless or even beneficial

38
Q

What are the three methods of horizontal transmission?

A

Contact
Inhalation
Ingestion

39
Q

Why dint droplets spread as far as aerosols?

A

They are heavier

40
Q

What are the stages that allow microorganisms to cause disease?

A

Exposure –> adherence –> invasion –> multiplication –> dissemination

41
Q

Why is targeting the host immune response in treatment of infection potentially more effective than killing the pathogen itself?

A

Host immune response is usually more destructive

42
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

Molecules released by a pathogen which can damage the surroundings to promote survival of the pathogen

43
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

Parts of the bacterial cell wall which are released when the bacteria dies

44
Q

What is the difference in supportive and specific investigations when identifying an infection?

A

Supportive identify to what extent a pt is unwell

Specific identify the causative agent

45
Q

What supportive investigations can be performed in suspected infection?

A 
FBC
CRP
LFTs
U&Es
Imaging
Histopathology
46
Q

What is MC&S in specific investigations of infection?

A

Microscopy, Culture and antibiotic Susceptibility

47
Q

Which specific investigations in infection can utilise dead pathogens e.g. in heart valve removal?

A

Antigen and nucleic acid detection

48
Q

What virology specific investigations can be performed in a suspected infection?

A

Antigen detection
Antibody detection
Detection of viral nucleic acid

Semester 3 (50 decks)

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