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Semester 3 > HealthPsych Session 6 > Flashcards

HealthPsych Session 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What two types of behaviour do children exhibit in attachment?

A

Proximity seeking

Contact maintaining

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2
Q

What is the critical period in attachment theory?

A

Within first year infant forms first ‘mental model’ of relationship based on their primary care giver

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3
Q

How long does the critical period in attachment theory need to be maintained for?

A

First 4 years of life

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4
Q

What does an infant with a secure attachment learn and experience?

A

Worthy of love and care
Others will be available in times of need
Better brain development, social competence, peer relations, self reliance physical and emotional health

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5
Q

What behavioural changes arise as a result of absence of an attachment figure?

A 
Separation anxiety
Increased aggression
Clinging behaviour
Bed wetting
Detachment
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6
Q

What is the physical impact of an absent attachment figure?

A 
Depression
Slower movement
Decreased play
Lack of sleep
Altered HR and temperature
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7
Q

What do newborns prefer over inanimate objects?

A

Human faces

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8
Q

What is first seen at around 6 weeks in social development?

A

Social smile

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9
Q

Describe the stage of social development seem at around 3 months of age.

A

Able to distinguish and show preference for non-strangers over strangers
Will allow any caring adult to handle them w/o becoming unduly upset

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10
Q

Describe the stage of social development attained at 7-8 months of age.

A

Specific attachments formed
Show signs of distress if key people are absent
Wary of strangers picking them up even when key people are present

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11
Q

What are the 4 attachment styles?

A

Secure
Avoidant
Ambivalent
Disorganised

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12
Q

How does a child react to the ‘strange situation’ test when they have a secure attachment style?

A

Distressed when mother leaves
Avoids stranger when alone
+ve and happy when mother returns and will engage w/strange

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13
Q

What characteristics does the primary care giver possess when a secure attachment is formed?

A

Sensitive to child’s signals and gives rapid, appropriate and consistent response
Interactive synchrony
Carer accepts caring/parental role
Carer has higher self esteem

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14
Q

How will a child who has an avoidant attachment react to the strange situation test?

A

Doesn’t pay much attention to mother or stranger

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15
Q

What kind of primary care giver is associated with an avoidant attachment style?

A

Those who respond variably to child’s distress

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16
Q

How does a child with an ambivalent attachment respond to the strange situation test?

A

Intensive distress without mother
Fears stranger
Cries upon mother’s return

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17
Q

What are children with ambivalent attachment preoccupied with?

A

Is primary care giver there?

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18
Q

What characteristic of the primary care giver is associated with an ambivalent attachment style?

A

Gives variable response to child

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19
Q

How does a child with a disorganised attachment style react to the strange situation test?

A

Freezes on return of mother

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20
Q

What is disorganised attachment associated with in terms of the primary care giver?

A

Maltreatment of child

Depression affecting care giver

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21
Q

What is attachment?

A

Biologically based system to maintain proximity of infant care giver

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22
Q

What three stages are the result of separation?

A

Protest –> despair –> detachment

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23
Q

Describe the protest stage of separation.

A

Child is distressed, looks for mother, clings to substitute

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24
Q

How long does the protest stage of separation last?

25
What happens during the despair stage of separation?
Helplessness Withdrawn Intermittently cry
26
What happens during the detachment stage of separation?
Become more interested in surroundings | Smile and be sociable but when carer returns become remote and apathetic
27
At what stage of separation do children no longer look to care giver for comfort?
Detachment
28
Why does separation cause the most overly stress for children aged 6m-3yrs?
They lack ability to keep carer in mind Struggle to understand explanatory vocab Lack ability to understand abstract concepts
29
How do children aged 6m-3yrs rationalise separation?
Attribute abandonment to being a punishment for their own failing
30
What are the effects on health outcomes of separation and why?
Separation is a long term stressor therefore leads to worse compliance and pain as well as the physiological effects of prolonged stress
31
What are the criticisms of attachment theory?
Too simplistic Overly focused in mothers, fathers marginalised so doesn't take into account multiple attachment figures Quality of substitute care not considered
32
How has practice changed from the 1950/60s to present day with regards to attachment theory?
``` Child care environments more like home Allow parent/carer access Allow attachment objects Reassure child they are not being abandoned/punished Stimulating toys Continuity of staff ```
33
What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
Sensori-motor Pre-operational Concrete operational Formal operational
34
What are the problems with Piaget's stages of childhood cognitive development?
Doesn't account for level of abstractness of concept Overestimation of adult ability Development may be more gradual than steps suggest Focuses on what child cannot do rather than abilities Allows child to be deemed too young for full information causing them to make their own interpretations from the partial info they are given
35
Describe the sensori-motor stage of childhood cognitive development.
Organise brain into motor and sensory by developing motor coordination Cannot understand abstract concepts Develop body schema
36
When does the sensorimotor stage of childhood cognitive development occur?
0-2 years
37
When does an understanding of permanence develop in childhood cognitive development?
~8 months
38
When does the pre-operational stage of cognitive development take place?
2-7 years
39
Describe the pre-operational stage of cognitive development.
Language develops Symbolic thought and imagination but it always distinguished from reality Egocentricism Lack concept of conservation Classification by single feature only Lack concept of some things being irreversible
40
When does the concrete operational stage of cognitive development occur?
7-12 years
41
Describe the concrete stage of cognitive development.
Think logically Struggle with deductive reasoning Achieve concept of conservation of number, mass and weight Classification by multiple factors Able to see things from other's perspectives
42
When does the formal operational stage of cognitive development occur?
12 yrs+
43
Describe the formal operational stage of cognitive development.
Abstract logic | Hypothetic-deductive reasoning
44
How does social development theory affect cognitive development?
Child is an apprentice learning through shared problem solving, child alone has understanding x, but with able instruction child can achieve x+1
45
What is the zone of proximal development?
Potential higher level of understanding which can be achieved with able instruction
46
What things should be remembered when communicating with children?
Young children have egocentricism (pain) May struggle to articulate feelings Metaphors can be taken literally --> unnecessary worry Difficulty thinking about future which can have implications in consent and adherence
47
How can communication be tailored to a child's specific level of cognitive development?
Use diagrams, models, picture books, play specialists
48
What is social referencing?
At 7-8 months children look at primary care givers to see how they react to abnormal situations
49
How can social referencing be used to calm a child in a consultation?
Initial contact with parents/carers puts them at ease which child sees and thus calms child
50
How can parental understanding affect child compliance?
If parents don't understand treatment or if the parents don't have the same level of understanding the child will not comply
51
What communication needs do babies and infants require?
Motor Sensory Non-verbal cues inc. touch
52
What is a good indicator of cognitive development?
Language
53
What is it important to remember when using language as a measure of cognitive development?
English may not be their first language
54
What is needed between verbal and non-verbal cues when communicating with children?
Consistency
55
What are factors to consider when communicating with adolescents?
Increasing independence Increasing abstract understanding inc. future Risk taking Self awareness Conflict with parents --> less communication
56
How should communicating with disabled children be approached?
Assess level of understanding --> assess level of skill of communication --> visual cues, explain to parents so they can explain to child, use alternate communication
57
What method of communicating with children can be used to examine parent's understanding?
Explaining the information to the parents so they can explain it to the child
58
What should you do when communicating with a child?
``` Reflect verbal w/non-verbal cues Maintain good eye contact Remain calm OWL-observe, wait, listen Give simple, clear info Give fixed choices ```
59
What should you not do when communicating with a child?
``` Promise things you can't deliver Express frustration Place blame/criticism Expect same things at different or same ages Rush Qs and As Ask too many questions at once ```

Semester 3 (50 decks)

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