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Semester 3 > HealthPsych Session 2 > Flashcards

HealthPsych Session 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are health related behaviours having an increasing impact?

A

Leading cause of death is chronic diseases which these play a significant role in

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2
Q

What do learning theories consider?

A

How behaviour patterns are learned without conscious input

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3
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Unconscious linking of behaviours to unrelated stimuli

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4
Q

How can behaviours be prevented in classical conditioning?

A

Pair behaviour with unpleasant response

Create an obstruction between stimulus and behaviour to allow time to pause and think

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5
Q

Is classical conditioning limited to children?

A

No

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6
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Behaviour shaped by consequences of acting on the environment

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7
Q

When must the reward or punishment occur in operant conditioning and why?

A

Immediately as we are driven by short-term rewards regardless of rationale

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8
Q

How can behaviour be shaped using operant conditioning?

A

Through reinforcement

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9
Q

How are conditioning theories limited?

A

Only consider stimulus-response associations w/o cognitive processes, knowledge, beliefs, memory, attitudes, expectations of social context

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10
Q

What is social learning?

A

Vicarious learning by seeing the consequences of other’s actions

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11
Q

What is behaviour focused on in social learning?

A

Desired goals that are valued and individual has self-efficacy for

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12
Q

What forms the basis of role models?

A

Social learning

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13
Q

What perceptions make a good role model?

A

High status

‘Like us’

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14
Q

What does social learning theory suggest should be used for health education and health campaigns?

A

Peers and celebrities

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15
Q

What are the 4 social cognition models?

A

Cognitive dissonance theory
Health belief model
Theory of planned behaviour
Stages of change (transtheoretical) model

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16
Q

What is cognitive dissonance theory?

A

Change beliefs or behaviour in order to decrease discomfort experienced when beliefs are inconsistent with actions/events

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17
Q

How can cognitive dissonance theory be used in health promotion?

A

Provide usually uncomfortable health information about negative health behaviours

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18
Q

How can dissonance be solved without changing behaviour?

A

Denial of information

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19
Q

What does the health belief model state?

A

States people weigh-up beliefs and risks before acting

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20
Q

What two categories of beliefs are considered in the health belief model?

A

Beliefs about health threat

Beliefs about health-related behaviour

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21
Q

What beliefs about health threat are considered in the health belief model?

A

Perceived susceptibility

Perceived severity

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22
Q

What beliefs about health-related behaviour are considered in the health belief model?

A

Perceived benefits

Perceived barriers

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23
Q

What also influences the beliefs considered in the health belief model to cause an action?

A

Cues to action

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24
Q

What does the health belief model not consider?

A

Whether we weigh-up a decision before or after an event
Emotions acting
Social factors
Self efficacy

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25
Q

What is the generally preferred model of social cognition?

A

Theory of planned behaviour

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26
Q

What does the theory of planned behaviour consider?

A

Person’s intentions

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27
Q

How is the gap between intention and behaviour bridged?

A

Creating detailed plans of action

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28
Q

What does the theory of planned behaviour state influences the development of an intention?

A

Attitude toward resultant behaviour
Subjective norm
Perceived control

29
Q

What influences attitude towards behaviour?

A

Belief about and evaluation of outcomes

30
Q

What influences subjective norm?

A

Normative beliefs

Motivation to comply

31
Q

What influences perceived control?

A

Individual control barriers and facilitators

32
Q

What does the transtheoretical model of social cognition state?

A

Factors affecting behaviours are not static

33
Q

What are the stages of the transtheoretical model?

A 
Pre contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Relapse
34
Q

Describe the pre contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model.

A

Happy with behaviour and may be affronted if change is suggested

35
Q

Describe the contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model.

A

Realisation that changing behaviour may be beneficial

36
Q

Describe the preparation stage of the transtheoretical model.

A

Decision made to adopt new behaviour

37
Q

Describe the action stage of the transtheoretical model.

A

Intention translates to behaviour

38
Q

Describe the maintenance stage of the transtheoretical model.

A

Plan is in action, behaviour is successfully carried out

39
Q

Is relapse normal in the transtheoretical model?

A

Yes, often more than once in long term change

40
Q

What can interplay with social cognition models to affect behaviours?

A

Healthcare policies, systems, communities and environment

41
Q

What are health related behaviours?

A

Anything that may promote good health or lead to illness

42
Q

What creates a greater health burden than illicit drug use, displays the same pattern of compulsivity but is not considered as much of a negative health behaviour?

A

Processed food and sugar consumption

43
Q

Which model must be used when considering health behaviours?

A

Biopsychosocial

44
Q

What can be more important than the substance itself in determining outcome of substance misuse?

A

Mind set and setting

45
Q

What factors interact in substance misuse and create a cycle which is hard to escape unless holistic help is given?

A

Cause
Social, environmental and interpersonal factors
Psychological and emotional factors
Effect

46
Q

Describe the overall trends in drug use for both 16-59 y.o. and 16-24 y.o..

A

Overall tends both stable

Overall use declined in both populations

47
Q

What can lead to substance addiction in atypical populations, e.g. the elderly?

A

Iatrogenic: prescription of ‘safe’ barbiturates that leads to addiciton

48
Q

What are ‘designer drugs’?

A

Legal compounds with a slightly different structure but similar effects to illicit drugs

49
Q

How does each new wave of designer drugs compare to the previous?

A

Tend to be more dangerous

50
Q

What is the purpose of the Psychoactive Substance Bill 2015?

A

Change legislation to create universal ban with exception to prevent ‘leap frogging’

51
Q

What are the 5 classes of alcohol use?

A 
Low risk
Hazardous drinking
Harmful drinking
Moderate dependence
Severe dependence
52
Q

Who fits into the low risk alcohol use catogery?

A

Abstinence or people who drink within DoH guidelines and are at low risk of harmful effects

53
Q

Who fits into the hazardous drinking category of alcohol use?

A

Over sensible limit either regularly excessive or infrequent binge therefore at increased risk of alcohol related problems but are yet to present

54
Q

Who fits into the harmful drinking category of alcohol use?

A

Over sensible limit, typically more than hazardous drinkers and show harm as a consequence

55
Q

Do all harmful drinkers understand the link between their drinking and physical/mental harm experienced?

A

No

56
Q

What is moderate alcohol dependence?

A

Degree of dependence but not relief drinking to avoid withdrawal symptoms

57
Q

What management are moderately dependent alcohol drinkers suitable for?

A

Community detox

58
Q

What is severe alcohol dependence?

A

May form habit of drinking to avoid withdrawal symptoms which often need in-pt detox

59
Q

What complex needs may severe dependence alcohol drinkers have?

A

Psychiatric problems
Poly-drug dependence
Homelessness
Multiple previous Tx episodes

60
Q

Which two classes of drugs can be used in treatment of severe alcohol dependence?

A

Assisted detox

Substitute prescribing to Tx dependence

61
Q

What management is very effective for hazardous and harmful drinkers?

A

Brief interventions such as alcohol screening tools that give immediate feedback and can be addressed with leaflets etc

62
Q

Give some examples of alcohol screening tests.

A

CAGE: cut down, annoyed, guilt, eye opener
AUDIT: alcohol use disorders identification unit
FAST: fast alcohol screening test
PAT: Paddington alcohol test

63
Q

Why do tranquillisers have to be able to be mixed with alcohol when used in alcohol detoxification?

A

Cold-turkey approach is very dangerous

64
Q

What supportive treatments are needed in management of alcohol use?

A

Nutritional supplements including vitamin B, B complex and thiamine to reduce risk of debilitating neurological conditions

65
Q

What can be used to promote abstinence and prevent relapse in management of alcohol use?

A

Sensitising agents

66
Q

Why does disulfram have poor compliance?

A

Has unpleasant effects

67
Q

What is needed in acute intoxication when seen in alcohol misuse?

A

Usual emergency monitoring
Thiamine
Management of withdrawal if necessary

68
Q

What groups can recreational drugs usually be clustered into according to their effects?

A

Depressants and dissociatives (alcohol and benzos)
Stimulants and empathogens (speed, cocaine, caffeine)
Hallucinogens and cannabis (magic mushrooms)
Opiates and opioids (heroin, methadone)

Semester 3 (50 decks)

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