HealthPsych Session 2

Question 1

Why are health related behaviours having an increasing impact?

Answer 1

Leading cause of death is chronic diseases which these play a significant role in

Question 2

What do learning theories consider?

Answer 2

How behaviour patterns are learned without conscious input

Question 3

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 3

Unconscious linking of behaviours to unrelated stimuli

Question 4

How can behaviours be prevented in classical conditioning?

Answer 4

Pair behaviour with unpleasant response

Create an obstruction between stimulus and behaviour to allow time to pause and think

Question 5

Is classical conditioning limited to children?

Answer 5

No

Question 6

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 6

Behaviour shaped by consequences of acting on the environment

Question 7

When must the reward or punishment occur in operant conditioning and why?

Answer 7

Immediately as we are driven by short-term rewards regardless of rationale

Question 8

How can behaviour be shaped using operant conditioning?

Answer 8

Through reinforcement

Question 9

How are conditioning theories limited?

Answer 9

Only consider stimulus-response associations w/o cognitive processes, knowledge, beliefs, memory, attitudes, expectations of social context

Question 10

What is social learning?

Answer 10

Vicarious learning by seeing the consequences of other’s actions

Question 11

What is behaviour focused on in social learning?

Answer 11

Desired goals that are valued and individual has self-efficacy for

Question 12

What forms the basis of role models?

Answer 12

Social learning

Question 13

What perceptions make a good role model?

Answer 13

High status

‘Like us’

Question 14

What does social learning theory suggest should be used for health education and health campaigns?

Answer 14

Peers and celebrities

Question 15

What are the 4 social cognition models?

Answer 15

Cognitive dissonance theory
Health belief model
Theory of planned behaviour
Stages of change (transtheoretical) model

Question 16

What is cognitive dissonance theory?

Answer 16

Change beliefs or behaviour in order to decrease discomfort experienced when beliefs are inconsistent with actions/events

Question 17

How can cognitive dissonance theory be used in health promotion?

Answer 17

Provide usually uncomfortable health information about negative health behaviours

Question 18

How can dissonance be solved without changing behaviour?

Answer 18

Denial of information

Question 19

What does the health belief model state?

Answer 19

States people weigh-up beliefs and risks before acting

Question 20

What two categories of beliefs are considered in the health belief model?

Answer 20

Beliefs about health threat

Beliefs about health-related behaviour

Question 21

What beliefs about health threat are considered in the health belief model?

Answer 21

Perceived susceptibility

Perceived severity

Question 22

What beliefs about health-related behaviour are considered in the health belief model?

Answer 22

Perceived benefits

Perceived barriers

Question 23

What also influences the beliefs considered in the health belief model to cause an action?

Answer 23

Cues to action

Question 24

What does the health belief model not consider?

Answer 24

Whether we weigh-up a decision before or after an event
Emotions acting
Social factors
Self efficacy

Question 25

What is the generally preferred model of social cognition?

Answer 25

Theory of planned behaviour

Question 26

What does the theory of planned behaviour consider?

Answer 26

Person's intentions

Question 27

How is the gap between intention and behaviour bridged?

Answer 27

Creating detailed plans of action

Question 28

What does the theory of planned behaviour state influences the development of an intention?

Answer 28

Attitude toward resultant behaviour Subjective norm Perceived control

Question 29

What influences attitude towards behaviour?

Answer 29

Belief about and evaluation of outcomes

Question 30

What influences subjective norm?

Answer 30

Normative beliefs | Motivation to comply

Question 31

What influences perceived control?

Answer 31

Individual control barriers and facilitators

Question 32

What does the transtheoretical model of social cognition state?

Answer 32

Factors affecting behaviours are not static

Question 33

What are the stages of the transtheoretical model?

Answer 33

``` Pre contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Relapse ```

Question 34

Describe the pre contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model.

Answer 34

Happy with behaviour and may be affronted if change is suggested

Question 35

Describe the contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model.

Answer 35

Realisation that changing behaviour may be beneficial

Question 36

Describe the preparation stage of the transtheoretical model.

Answer 36

Decision made to adopt new behaviour

Question 37

Describe the action stage of the transtheoretical model.

Answer 37

Intention translates to behaviour

Question 38

Describe the maintenance stage of the transtheoretical model.

Answer 38

Plan is in action, behaviour is successfully carried out

Question 39

Is relapse normal in the transtheoretical model?

Answer 39

Yes, often more than once in long term change

Question 40

What can interplay with social cognition models to affect behaviours?

Answer 40

Healthcare policies, systems, communities and environment

Question 41

What are health related behaviours?

Answer 41

Anything that may promote good health or lead to illness

Question 42

What creates a greater health burden than illicit drug use, displays the same pattern of compulsivity but is not considered as much of a negative health behaviour?

Answer 42

Processed food and sugar consumption

Question 43

Which model must be used when considering health behaviours?

Answer 43

Biopsychosocial

Question 44

What can be more important than the substance itself in determining outcome of substance misuse?

Answer 44

Mind set and setting

Question 45

What factors interact in substance misuse and create a cycle which is hard to escape unless holistic help is given?

Answer 45

Cause Social, environmental and interpersonal factors Psychological and emotional factors Effect

Question 46

Describe the overall trends in drug use for both 16-59 y.o. and 16-24 y.o..

Answer 46

Overall tends both stable | Overall use declined in both populations

Question 47

What can lead to substance addiction in atypical populations, e.g. the elderly?

Answer 47

Iatrogenic: prescription of 'safe' barbiturates that leads to addiciton

Question 48

What are 'designer drugs'?

Answer 48

Legal compounds with a slightly different structure but similar effects to illicit drugs

Question 49

How does each new wave of designer drugs compare to the previous?

Answer 49

Tend to be more dangerous

Question 50

What is the purpose of the Psychoactive Substance Bill 2015?

Answer 50

Change legislation to create universal ban with exception to prevent 'leap frogging'

Question 51

What are the 5 classes of alcohol use?

Answer 51

``` Low risk Hazardous drinking Harmful drinking Moderate dependence Severe dependence ```

Question 52

Who fits into the low risk alcohol use catogery?

Answer 52

Abstinence or people who drink within DoH guidelines and are at low risk of harmful effects

Question 53

Who fits into the hazardous drinking category of alcohol use?

Answer 53

Over sensible limit either regularly excessive or infrequent binge therefore at increased risk of alcohol related problems but are yet to present

Question 54

Who fits into the harmful drinking category of alcohol use?

Answer 54

Over sensible limit, typically more than hazardous drinkers and show harm as a consequence

Question 55

Do all harmful drinkers understand the link between their drinking and physical/mental harm experienced?

Answer 55

No

Question 56

What is moderate alcohol dependence?

Answer 56

Degree of dependence but not relief drinking to avoid withdrawal symptoms

Question 57

What management are moderately dependent alcohol drinkers suitable for?

Answer 57

Community detox

Question 58

What is severe alcohol dependence?

Answer 58

May form habit of drinking to avoid withdrawal symptoms which often need in-pt detox

Question 59

What complex needs may severe dependence alcohol drinkers have?

Answer 59

Psychiatric problems Poly-drug dependence Homelessness Multiple previous Tx episodes

Question 60

Which two classes of drugs can be used in treatment of severe alcohol dependence?

Answer 60

Assisted detox | Substitute prescribing to Tx dependence

Question 61

What management is very effective for hazardous and harmful drinkers?

Answer 61

Brief interventions such as alcohol screening tools that give immediate feedback and can be addressed with leaflets etc

Question 62

Give some examples of alcohol screening tests.

Answer 62

CAGE: cut down, annoyed, guilt, eye opener AUDIT: alcohol use disorders identification unit FAST: fast alcohol screening test PAT: Paddington alcohol test

Question 63

Why do tranquillisers have to be able to be mixed with alcohol when used in alcohol detoxification?

Answer 63

Cold-turkey approach is very dangerous

Question 64

What supportive treatments are needed in management of alcohol use?

Answer 64

Nutritional supplements including vitamin B, B complex and thiamine to reduce risk of debilitating neurological conditions

Question 65

What can be used to promote abstinence and prevent relapse in management of alcohol use?

Answer 65

Sensitising agents

Question 66

Why does disulfram have poor compliance?

Answer 66

Has unpleasant effects

Question 67

What is needed in acute intoxication when seen in alcohol misuse?

Answer 67

Usual emergency monitoring Thiamine Management of withdrawal if necessary

Question 68

What groups can recreational drugs usually be clustered into according to their effects?

Answer 68

Depressants and dissociatives (alcohol and benzos) Stimulants and empathogens (speed, cocaine, caffeine) Hallucinogens and cannabis (magic mushrooms) Opiates and opioids (heroin, methadone)