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BIO 2.0 > Infection + Response > Flashcards

Infection + Response Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a vector?

A

a carrier of a parasite, but is not infected by it

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2
Q

what are communicable diseases?

A

diseases which are spread between organisms

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3
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

microorganism which causes disease

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4
Q

what is a host/

A

organism which carries disease inside its cells

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5
Q

what is an antibody?

A

Y-shaped specialised protein molecule which have binding sites specific to particular antigens. When antibodies bind to antigens, the pathogen is ineffective/neutralised - not killed

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6
Q

describe the anatomy of bacterial cells.

A

nucleoid (DNA), plasmids, ribosomes, cytoplasm, capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, flagellum

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7
Q

describe the anatomy of a virus

A

protein molecules, capsid, DNA or RNA (nucleic acid), envelope protein

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8
Q

what are some symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever, stomach cramps, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, chills, headache

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9
Q

what are some causes of salmonella?

A

Eating food contaminated with animal faeces, Contact with infected animals, touching contaminated Door handles

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10
Q

how can salmonella be treated and prevented?

A
  • Separating raw meat and poultry from produce, Washing hands/boards/cutlery/utensils/fruit&veg
  • Antibiotics, Drink extra fluids
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11
Q

what are some symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Pain, discomfort, bleeding outside of periods, unusual discharge

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12
Q

what are some symptoms of HIV?

A

Fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, diarrhoea, weight loss, pneumonia

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13
Q

what are some symptoms of measles?

A

High fever, cough, runny nose, watery eyes, rash

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14
Q

what are some symptoms of rose black spot?

A

purplish/black spots on upper leaf surface, Yellow leaves, Dropping leaves

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15
Q

what are some symptoms of malaria?

A

fever, chills, headache, nausea, muscle aches, anaemia, jaundice

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16
Q

what are some causes of gonorrhoea?

A

Infected bodily fluids during intercourse

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17
Q

what are some causes of HIV?

A

sexual contact with infected partner, blood contamination

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18
Q

what are some causes of measles?

A

Coughing, sneezing - direct contact with nasal or throat secretions

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19
Q

what are some causes of rose black spot?

A

Spores in wind/water

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20
Q

how can gonorrhoea be treated and prevented?

A

antibiotic injection, condoms

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21
Q

how can HIV be treated and prevented?

A

Antiretroviral therapy, Condoms, Not sharing needles, Preventative medicines, Limit sexual partners

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22
Q

how can measles be treated and prevented?

A

Painkillers, Vaccination, Wash hands, Use tissues

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23
Q

how can rose black spot be treated and prevented?

A

Fungicides, removing/destroying infected leaves, Not planting roses too close together

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24
Q

how can malaria be treated and prevented?

A

Long sleeved clothing, mosquito nets, Covering water sources, Spray water sources with insecticide, Preventative medicine

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25
Q

describe the life cycle of malaria.

A
  • Person is bitten and saliva is injected into person
  • Parasites travel through blood stream to liver where they reproduce rapidly
  • Every 4-5 days burst out of liver cells, destroying them
  • infect new cells
  • Cycle repeats
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26
Q

describe the function of skin in preventing disease.

A
  • acts as a Barrier to prevent pathogens entering body
  • produces sweat, epithelial cells, scabs, blood clots,
  • it Sheds and is waterproof
  • has Specialised immune cells in skin tissue
  • Secretion of sebum (anti-microbial)
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27
Q

how can pathogens can enter the body via the skin?

A
  • Cuts in skin
  • Bites
  • contact/absorption
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28
Q

describe the function of nose in preventing disease.

A
  • Stops pathogens entering body, traps & ejects them
  • Ciliated cells, Mucus, Sneezing, Hairs
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29
Q

how can pathogens can enter the body via the nose?

A

breathing them in

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30
Q

describe the function of trachea/bronchi in preventing disease.

A
  • Catch & eject pathogens to stop them entering body
  • Cilia, Coughing
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31
Q

describe the function of the stomach in preventing disease.

A

HCl acid kills pathogens

32
Q

describe the function of eyes in preventing disease.

A
  • Barrier and removal method for pathogens
  • Tears contain lysozyme which damages bacterial cells
  • Eyelashes
33
Q

describe the defence mechanisms of reproductive organs in preventing disease

A
  • Physical barrier - epithelial cells
  • Uterus lined with acid
  • Secretion of bodily fluids with antibacterial agent
34
Q

describe the defence mechanisms of mouth in preventing disease

A
  • Saliva contains antibodies - also washes bacteria into stomach & then vomit
  • Oral mucosa
35
Q

describe the process of vaccination

A
  • a Weakened or dead form of pathogen which cannot cause serious disease is injected into body
  • Phagocytes engulf pathogen and display the antigens on surface of cells
  • Phagocytes go to lymph glands and locate B-cells which recognise the antigens
  • B-cells cloned by mitosis and produce antibodies which they send into blood stream
  • Antibodies immobilise antigens so the pathogen cannot infect any more human cells
  • B-cells become memory cells so that if the body is exposed to the actual pathogen, will recognise pathogen immediately, producing antibodies rapidly in large numbers so no symptoms occur
36
Q

what is different in the 2nd exposure to a disease?

A
  • More antibodies because there are more T & B cells as memory cells, so more antibodies can be produced
  • Antibodies made faster because memory cells remember pathogen antigens and do not have to locate T & B cells and there are more T & B cells to produce antibodies
  • Antibodies last longer because more of them are made
37
Q

describe the process of phagocytosis.

A
  • solid substances/ whole organisms brought inside cell via invagination = engulfed
  • Vacuole formed - inner surface derived from outer surface of cell membrane - the membrane is the phagosome
  • Bacteria destroyed by digestive enzymes
38
Q

describe the function of lymphocytes.

A
  • recognise specific antigens on invading pathogens and detect that the proteins and pathogens are foreign
  • The antibodies created by the lymphocytes cause pathogens to stick together and make it easier for phagocytes to engulf them.
  • Each lymphocyte produces its own specific receptor that corresponds to a specific antigen. When a lymphocyte encounters that antigen it multiplies, creating large numbers of identical lymphocytes bearing that particular receptor.
39
Q

describe the function of b-cells.

A
  • produce antibodies against antigens
  • remain in organs of immune system and send antibodies to infections, which are complimentary to antigen
40
Q

describe the function of t-cells.

A
  • make antitoxins which bind to toxins produced by pathogens to prevent people from feeling ill by alleviating symptoms (ie lethargy, nausea)
  • they travel from immune system organs to infection site to release complimentary antitoxins to neutralise toxins
41
Q

what are antigens?

A

molecules, often proteins, located on the surface of cells that trigger a specific immune response.

42
Q

list some of the causes of antibiotic resistance. [5]

A
  • Using antibiotics to treat a virus
  • Preventative use in farming
  • Not finishing a course
  • Not taking a high enough dose
  • Not taking antibiotics specific to bacteria causing illness
43
Q

describe how antibiotic resistance occurs

A
  • in Normal bacteria, Random mutation occurs which makes one bacterium resistance to antibiotic
  • Initially, mutation has no advantage
  • If antibiotic used, unadapted die but the resistant have advantage and survive
  • Resistant reproduce and pass resistance to offspring and become dominant species
44
Q

give an example of an antibiotic

A

penicillin, methicillin, ampicillin

45
Q

give an example of a painkiller

A

ibuprofen, paracetamol, aspirin

46
Q

give an example of an antiretroviral drug

A

COVID, malaria

47
Q

what is the function of antibiotics?

A

to kill bacteria

48
Q

what is the function of painkillers?

A

reduce symptoms

49
Q

what is the function of antiretroviral drugs?

A

destroy viruses

50
Q

what is a problem with antibiotics?

A

resistance

51
Q

what is a problem with painkillers?

A

can be addictive

52
Q

what is a problem with antiretroviral drugs?

A

ineffective

53
Q

what is the source and use of digitalis?

A

foxgloves - treating heart disease

54
Q

what is the source and use of penicillin?

A

penicillium mould (disc. Alexander Fleming) - anitbiotic

55
Q

what is the source and use of aspirin?

A

willow bark - painkiller

56
Q

describe the process of preclinical drugs testing. [4]

A
  • first, using donated cells to look for efficacy and toxicity
  • then using donated tissues to test for efficacy and toxicity
  • then use larger sample of cells to increase accuracy
  • finally use live animals to test for efficacy and toxicity within a whole organism
57
Q

describe the process of clinical drugs testing [2]

A
  • first use healthy volunteers to test for toxicity and side effects - use a Low dosage
  • then use ill Patients - Start small (10-50) then large no.patients (10000) - to Test for efficacy and dosage
58
Q

what does a bactericidal antibiotic do?

A

kills/destroys bacteria

59
Q

what does a bacteriostatic antibiotic do?

A

stops bacteria growing/reproducing

60
Q

what is a double blind trial?

A

subject and researcher don’t know whether the drug or a placebo has been given

61
Q

what is a double blind trial used for?

A

Eliminate researcher bias, Avoid unreliable results/Bribery, Avoid placebo effect

62
Q

describe the process of producing monoclonal antibodies

A
  • Mouse is vaccinated to start formation of antibodies
  • Spleen cells that form antibodies are collected in operation
  • Fused with tumour cells called myeloma cells
  • Forms hybridoma cells
  • Grown in lab
  • those that produce antibodies are separated
  • Antibodies are collected
63
Q

describe how monoclonal antibodies are sued to test for pregnancy

A
  • The person gives a urine sample. If they are pregnant, their urine should contain HCG hormone
  • urine passes through reaction zone; if HCG is present, it will bind to free mobile antibodies, which have an enzyme attached to them
  • urine passes to test site, carrying the HCG bound to the free antibody (and by extension the dye enzyme). Here, the HCG-free antibody complex will bind to another fixed antibody using the HCG. This will bring the enzyme (attached to the complex) close to a dye substrate – a reaction occurs, causing a colour change.
  • urine passes to control site where there are fixed antibodies which will bind to any free antibody (not just those bound to HCG), and cause a colour change here.
    • If a person is not pregnant, the free antibody moves through the test site, and instead binds to the fixed antibody in the control site, causing a colour change here.
    • If a person is pregnant, the HCG-free antibody complex will form in the reaction site, and this complex binds in the test site, causing a colour change here. Some free antibody will still pass to the control site, so you will see two stripes.
64
Q

describe how antigens are measures with monoclonal antibodies.

A
  • Line test tube with antibodies
  • Add blood
  • Antigens bind to antibodies
  • Add more antibodies (same as the initial ones) with enzyme attached
  • If blood contains antigens, antibodies will also bind to antigens
  • Rinse away anything that didnt bind
  • Add substrate that causes colour change in enzymes
65
Q

what are symptoms of disease in plants?

A
  • stunted growth
  • spots on leaves
  • areas of decay
  • unusual growths
  • malformed stem/leaves
  • discolouration
  • presence of pests
66
Q

what are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus?

A

Pattern of light & dark green on leaves, Malformed leaves, Yellow streaked leaves, Yellow veins - as there is less chlorophyll, making it harder to photosynthesise

67
Q

what are some causes of tobacco mosaic virus?

A
  • Worker’s hands/tools/clothes
  • Contact with animals
  • Leaves rubbing together
68
Q

what is the treatment for tobacco mosaic virus?

A
  • Destroy infected plant
  • Use sterile equipment
  • Rotate crops
69
Q

what is the effect of a Mg deficiency in plants?

A
  • Can’t make chlorophyll so plant cant absorb light
  • cant photosynthesise so cant create glucose
  • cant release energy/respire so cant survive/grow
70
Q

what is the effect of a nitrates deficiency in plants?

A
  • Nitrate + glucose -> amino acids
  • Cant make proteins so cant grow
71
Q

how are acacia plants adapted?

A
  • lots of thorns to deter sensitive animals
  • High crown to avoid short animals
72
Q

how are nettle plants adapted for defence?

A

stinging hairs to deter sensitive animals

73
Q

how are pebble plants adapted for defence?

A

mimics rocks to camouflage

74
Q

how are passion flowers adapted for defence?

A

mimics butterfly eggs in petal pattern to stop butterflies laying their eggs there

75
Q

how is bracken adapted for defence?

A

Poisons in leaves that cause cancer/blindness to poison herbivores

76
Q

how is the mimosa plant adapted for defence?

A

Rapid movement to Avoid herbivores

77
Q

how is the dead nettle plant adapted for defence?

A

looks like nettles to trick herbivores

BIO 2.0 (12 decks)

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