Infection Prevention and Control II

Question 1

Normal values for neutraphils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils

Answer 1

N: 55-70
L: 20-40
M: 2-8
E: 1-4
B: 0.5 - 1.5

Question 2

What makes nlmeb increase?

Answer 2

N: acute suppurative infection
L: chronic bacterial and viral infection
M: protazoan, tickettsial, and TB infection
E: parasitic infection
B: normal

Question 3

What makes nlmeb decrease?

Answer 3

N: overwhelming bacterial infection
L: sepsis
M
E
B

Question 4

Moist Heat

Answer 4

Steam is moist heat under pressure –> water vapor reaches temp above boiling to kill pathogens and spores

E.g. autoclave sterilizes heat-tolerant surgical instruments and semicritical patient care items

Question 5

Chemical Sterilants

Answer 5

High-Level Disinfection (HDL)
Lots of dif kinds used –> alcohols, chlorines, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, iodophors, phenolics, and quaternary ammonium compounds

Disinfect heat-sensitive instruments and equipment like endoscopes and respiratory therapy equipment

Question 6

Ethyleme Oxide (ETO) Gas

Answer 6

destroys spores and microspores by altering the metabolic processes of cells
-fumes released in autoclave-like chamber (toxic to humans) –> aeration time varies

sterilizes most medical materials

Question 7

Boiling water

Answer 7

least expensive method and used at home
bacterial spores and some viruses resist boiling though
not used in health care environments

used at home for urinary catheters, suction tubes, and drainage collection devices

Question 8

Critical items

Answer 8

Ones that enter sterile tissue or the vascular system

Must be sterile

Ex:

• surgical instruments
• cardiac or intravascular catheters
• urinary catheters
• implants

Question 9

Semicritical items

Answer 9

Come in contact with mucous membrane or nonintact skin

Must be high-level disinfected or sterilized

Ex:

• respiratory and anesthesia equipment
• endoscopes
• endotracheal tubes
• GI endoscopes
• diaphragm fitting rings

Question 10

Noncritical items

Answer 10

come in contact with intact skin

Must be disinfected

Ex:

• bedpans
• blood pressure cuffs
• bedrails
• linens
• stethoscopes
• bedside trays and patient furniture
• food utensils

Question 11

Airborne precautions: diseases and barrier protection

Answer 11

Diseases: measles, chicken pox, disseminated herpes zoster, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rubeola

Protection: private room; negative pressure airflow of 6-12 exchanges/hr via HEPA filtration; mask or respiratory protection device; N95 respirator

Question 12

Droplet Precautions

Answer 12

Disease: influenza, adenovirus, A streptococcus, Neisseria meningitis, pertussis, rhinovirus, mycoplasma pneumoniae, diptheria, pneumonic plague, rubella, mumps, respiratory syncytial virus

Protection: private room or cohort patients; mask or respirator

Question 13

Contact precautions

Answer 13

Disease: colonization or MDROs (VRE and MRSA), Clostridium difficile, shigella (and other enteric pathogens), major wound infections, herpes simplex, scabies, varicella zoster, respiratory syncytial virus

Protection: private room or cohort patients, gloves, gowns

Question 14

Protective environment

Answer 14

Disease: allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplants

Protection: private room, positive airflow with greater-than-or-equal-to 12 air exchanges per hour, HEPA filtration for incoming air, mask, gloves, gowns