chapter 38: Activity and excercise Flashcards
AHA benefits of physical activit
- elevates mood and attitude
- keeps us physically fit
- helps ppl stop smoking
- boosts energy levels
- stress management
- promotes better sleep
- improves self image and confidence
Deconditioning
physiological changes aft period of inactivity
- risk for hospitalized patients
- gets in way of activities of daily living
Nature of movement
body mechanics = coordinated efforts of musculoskeletal and nervous systems
Alignment and balance
body alignment is basically posture –> position of joints, tendons, ligaments, and muscles while in dif positions
Correct body alignment reduces strain on musculoskeletal structures, maintains muscle tone, promotes comfort, helps with balance and energy conservation
Gravity and friction
Patients’ center of gravity is usually at 55-57% of standing height along the midline
Greater surface area = greater friction
Shear = friction bt one’s own skin and bone
Common friction issue in hospitals
when hospital bed is raised over 60 degrees, skin stays against the sheets and bony structures slide down
-stretches and damages tissue and blood vessels –> pressure injuries
Not usually a problem for surface tissue
Full body sling helps to move patients
Regulation of movement
Integration of musculoskeletal and nervous system
Skeletal system
4 bones: long, short, flat, and irregular
babies have flexible, but not sturdy bones
toddlers have stronger, but pliable bones
old ppl are mores succeptible to bone loss and osteoporosis
joints
3 types:
- fibrous: close together and fixed (syndesmosis bt tibia and fibula)
- cartilaginous: little mvmnt but elastic (synchondrosis bt ribs and costal cartilage)
- synovial joins: true joints –> fee moving –> most common
ligaments, tendons, and cartilage
support skeletal system
-ligaments = dense fibrous tissue bands bt bone and cartilage –> elastic –> some are protective
-tendons –> connect muscle to bone –> achilles tendon is thickest and strongest (soleus muscle to calcaneal bone
cartilage -> nonvascular –> bears weight and absorbs shock bt bones –> permanent cartilage is unossified except in old age or disease
Skeletal muscle
- bundles of miscle fibers –> ATP (powered by glucose and O2) powers movement of actin and myosin along each other to contract muscles when stimulated by electrochem stimulus across NMJ
- disuse and use lead to atrophy ad hypertrophy
- during contraction, one bone moves (insertion) while other remains in place (origin)
- stretch reflex = body trying to maintain constancy of muscle length
Isotonic contractions
Isometric contractions
Isotonic
- concentric = increased muscle contraction causing muscle shortening
- eccentric = causes lengthening
isometric
-increase in muscle tension but no change in size of muscle
Voluntary movement combines the two
Prime mover
Antagonist
Synergists
Fixators
Muscle tone
- muscle that directly performs a specific movement
- muscle that directly opposes prime mover when it contracts
- contracts at same time as prime and facilitates its action
- muscles that stabilize joints - kinda like a synergist
normal state of balanced muscle tension
Nervous system
diseases that fuck up movement
Precentral gyrus = motor strip = major voluntary motor area in cerebral cortex
-most motor fibers descend from here and cross at medulla
- Parkinson alters NT production
- myasthenia gravis disrups NT transfer to muscle
- multiple sclerosis impairs muscle activity
Proprioceptin
muscle sense that makes us aware of position of the body and its parts including body movement, orientation in space, and muscle stretch
Proprioceptors live in muscle spindles
Balance and alinment
-steps to maintaining it
maintained by sense organs in vestibule and semicircular canals of ears
- widen base by widening stance
- bring center of gravity close to base of support
- bend knees and flex hips til squatting and keep back erect
Physical activity and excercise
benefits of isotonic vs isometric
Activity = any movement by muscle that expends energy Exercise = PA that's planned, structured, and repetitive
Isotonic up circulatory and respiratory func –> increase muscle mass, tone, and strength –> promote bone health
Isometric are good for ppl who can’t tolerate more activity –> increase muscle mass, tone and strength –> circulation to that body part –> osteoblast activity
Conditions affecting body alignment and mobiity
Congenital defects bone, joint, and muscle disorders inflammatory joint diseases central nervous system disorders musculoskeletal trauma
problems caused by obesity
musculoskeletal stuff: low back pain, gait disturbance, soft tissue damage, osteoprosis, gout, fibromyalgia, and CT disorders
Also HTN, atherosclerosis, heart disease, diabetes, high blood cholesterol, cancers, and sleep disorders
Overextension injuries
Ergonomics
Come from HCPs using too much effort at work (usually moving patients)
design of work tasks to best suit capabilities of workers