^infection control & isolation Flashcards
Chain of infection
is a sequence of factors needed for an infection to occur.
Sequence of chain of infection
Infectious Agent : the virus/bacteria/fungi, parasite prion
Reservoir: object, person (where it lives)
Portal of exit: wound drainage, droplet
Mode of transmission: contact, droplet, airborne, vehicle, vector-borne transmission
Portal of exit: mouth nose
Susceptible host: pt with immune disorder
virulent
describes how efficient an infectious agent is at making the person ill
droplet transmission
when infectious droplet from a client travel through the air and come in contact with mucosa of a host. (sneezing, coughing, singing, talking)
Airborne transmission
occurs when a small particles move into the airspace of another person ex TB flu measles
Vehicle transmission
transmission of infectious agent to various individual through a common source. EX: contaminated food water
vector borne transmission
transmission agents through animals (insects rodents)
droplet transmission example
a pt who has respiratory infection sneezes without covering the nose or mouth. a person a few feet away become infected when large mucus particles land in their mouth
Indirect contact transmission example
a client cough on their hand touches a door handle. another person touches the same door handle and becomes infected with the same pathogens as the client
airborne transmission example
a nurse enters a room where a pts who has respiratory infection was present several hours. the nurse inhales small particles that remain in the air and develops an infection
direct contact transmission example
a nurse touches the wound of a client with a infected drainage wound
bodies three specific types of defenses are
chemical barriers
nonspecific immunity
specific immunity
largest body organ
the skin
the skin performs three major function
reduce water loss
protects against abrasion and micro-organisms
-provide a permeable barrier against the environment
non specific immunity
is maintained by neutrophils and macrophages (both are WBC) work as phagocytes
Phagocytes
eat and destroy micro organisms, thereby helping to protect the body from harm
Specific immunity
refers to the work of antibodies (immunoglobulins) and lymphocytes.
Antibodies
bind to infectious agent and activate the white blood cells and complement to destroy the infectious agent
Inflammatory response
body’s natural defense that is activated when the body is injured, when foreign substance are present or infectious agent attack
Basic steps of inflammation are
- recognition of harmful stimuli by pattern receptors
- activation of inflammatory pathway
- release of inflammatory marker
- recruitment of inflammatory cells
manifestation of swelling
heat redness swelling pain loss of function
Inflammatory response in order
- bacteria invade
- histamine, kinins, prostaglandins arrive at the site (call WBC to site)
- Plasma from blood enters the site
- Phagocytosis occurs
- pus develops
protective mechanism symptoms of inflammation
erythema
edema
pain
heat
Stages of infection
- Incubation: first infected no symptoms
- Prodromal: initial manifestation (fever , aches)
- acute illness: infection is severe
- period of decline: manifestation start to subside
- period of convalescence: return to balance state of health
types of infection
local infection: one area of the body
systemic infection: start local –> move into the bloodstream and spreads through body
types of infection
- local infection: one area of the body
- systemic infection: start local –> move into the bloodstream and spreads through body
hand washing
15-30 seconds
antimicrobials are used with what?
water
Antiseptics
are solution agents use to cleanse the skin
Examples of antiseptics
alcohols chlorhexidine chlorine hexachlorophene iodine triclosan
medical asepsis
clean technique
decreases the number of micro organism to spread
Surgical asepsis
techniques used during surgery. sterility of items.
Surgical asepsis
techniques used during surgery. sterility of items.
Sterilization
involves cleaning instruments so that all micro organisms including bacterial spores are eradicated
sterile fields
are created to assure that the smallest number of micro organisms possible are present
to prepare a sterile field:
peel back first flap AWAY from body fist
- side flaps
- flap closest to the nurse
disinfestation
cleans instruments so that almost all micro organisms are eradicated but not all
standard precaution
infection prevention practices applied to all clients
contact precaution
precautions used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact
contact precaution
precautions used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact
-minimum gown and gloves prior to client interactions
Infection control bundles
guidelines for practice that are bundled together in an effort to preven HAI
Examples of HAI
- CAUTI: Catheter associated UTI
- CLABSI: Central line bloodstream Infection
- SSI: Surgical- site infection
- VAP: Ventilator-assisted pneumonias
closed glove technique
used to don sterile gloves using surgical asepsis after the individual has performed a surgical hand scrub and donned a sterile gown. hands are kept inside the sterile gown until gloves are donned
open gloved technique
involves donning sterile gloves with hands
expected WBC
5,000to10,000/mm3
five types of WBC
Neutrophilic lymphocytes monocytes basophils eosinophils
