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Fundamentals > Infection Control > Flashcards

Infection Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is an infection?

A

When the presence of a pathogen leads to a chain of events, all components of chain have to be present for it to occur

nurses use infection control processes to break the chain

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2
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

any microorganism or microbes that can cause disease

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3
Q

what is colonization?

A

the presence and growth of microorganisms within a host but no tissue invasion or damage.

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4
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

a infection that can be spread directly from person to person

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5
Q

What are the 6 links in the chain of infection?

A

infectious agent or pathogen

reservoir or source for pathogen growth

portal of exit from the reservoir

mode of transmission

portal of entry to host

susceptible host

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6
Q

What is transient flora?

A

microorganisms picked up from something else

can produce infection

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7
Q

What is normal flora

A

microorganisms that are normally present in specific areas in our body

may cause infection if moved to a different area

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8
Q

What does virulence mean?

A

The ability of the pathogen to cause a disease

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9
Q

What does an iatrogenic infection mean?

A

caused by the caregiver.

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10
Q

a microorganisms potential to produce a disease depends on what?

A

the number of microorganisms present

virulence

the ability to enter and survive in the host

susceptibility/attraction of the host

conduciveness of the environment

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11
Q

What are reservoirs?

A

a place where the pathogen can survive, multiply and wait to get transferred to a susceptible host

(animals, food, water, insects, inanimate objects, the human body)

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12
Q

What does a reservoir require, what is the perfect reservoir?

A

food

oxygen

water/moisture (wound drainage)

temperature (warm preferred)

pH (like it more alkaline)

light (most like it dark)

A DRESSED WOUND

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13
Q

What are some portals of exit?

A

Skin and mucous membranes (break in skin, exudate, mouth through saliva)

respiratory tract (sneezing, coughing, talking, breathing, trachs or ET tubes)

urinary tract (uti?)

GI tract (bowel elimination, bile, emesis)

Reproductive tract (semen, discharge, vaginal fluid)

Blood (HIV, Hepatitis)

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14
Q

What is the most common way a pathogen is transferred?

A

CONTACT

direct contact - person to person

indirect contact - person to object

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15
Q

What are some other modes of transmission?

A

airborne

vehicle

vector

droplet

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16
Q

what is a major mode of transmission in healthcare workers?

A

hands!!

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17
Q

What are some major portals of entry

A

skin and mucous membranes

respiratory tract

urinary tract

GI tract

reproductive tract

blood

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18
Q

What is a CAUTI

A

catheter associated UTI

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19
Q

What is a CLABSI

A

Central line associated blood stream infection (high mortality rate)

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20
Q

What is a susceptible host, compromised host?

A

susceptible is anyone at risk for infection (depends on susceptibility)

compromised is someone who is immunosuppressed, or has a break in their skin integrity

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21
Q

Does strength and number of bacteria effect severity of illness?

A

YES

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22
Q

How does our normal flora protect us?

A

It competes with the invaders for nutrients

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23
Q

What are some of our other defenses?

A

Body system defense

immune defenses (nonspecific innate and specific adaptive)

inflammatory response

immune response

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24
Q

What are the stages of inflammation?

A

Vascular and cellular response

exudate production

reparative phase

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25
Q

What is our first line of defense?

A

THE SKIN

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26
Q

What does the sebum on skin have?

A

fatty acids that kill microorganisms

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27
Q

How does our skin shedding protect us?

A

it removes pathogens from our surface

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28
Q

How does our mouth protect us?

A

saliva (contains antimicrobial agents and washes away particles)

mechanical barrier of intact teeth and gums

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29
Q

How are our eyes protective?

A

tearing and blinking (washes away microorganisms)

30
Q

How is our respiratory tract protected?

A

cillia trap microorganisms

mucous traps microorganisms

coughing and sneezing gets them out

31
Q

how is our urinary tract protected?

A

flushing action of urine

acidity of urine

32
Q

How is our GI tract protected

A

acidity of secretions

rapid peristalsis

33
Q

How is the vagina protected?

A

Has a very low pH

34
Q

What is an HAI?

A

Health Care-assosciated infection

35
Q

What are the different types of HAIs?

A

exogenous- acquired from outside the patient

endogenous - acquired from self

iatrogenic - infection resulting from a treatment or procedure

36
Q

What is the most common site of a HAI?

A

lungs/ pneumonia

37
Q

What is the most common site of iatrogenic infection?

A

CAUTI

38
Q

What are some other common HAIS

A

CLABSI

SSI (surgical site infection)

39
Q

What are some risk factors for infection?

A

bad hand hygiene

immunocompromised or poor health

age

poor medical or surgical asepsis by providers

lifestyle choices

40
Q

What are some more risk factors for infection?

A

Poor nutritional status - protein is necessary for wound healing and fighting infection

Stress = increase in cortisol = wares on our system = decreased immune function

disease

medical therapy (chemo, radiation)

Exposure (poor sanitation, parasitic diseases, foreign disease)

41
Q

What are the 3 stages to the inflammatory response?

A

vascular and cellular stages - reddness, warmth, emema, pain, loss of function

inflammatory exudate - serous, sanguineous, purulent

tissue repair

42
Q

What is malaise?

A

The bleh feeling when sick

43
Q

What is anorexia?

A

loss of apetite

44
Q

What is n/v?

A

nausea and vomiting

45
Q

What is TCDB

A

turn cough deep breath

46
Q

What is lymphadenopathy

A

swollen lymph nodes

47
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

WBCS > 10000

48
Q

What is a shift to the left?

A

increase in certain types of WBCs

49
Q

What are the different stages of infection and describe them?

A

incubation (exposure to development of symptoms)

prodromal (general onset of symptoms to development of more distinct symptoms)

illness (symptoms specific to infection occur)

convalescence (acute symptoms disappear, total recovery may take days to months)

50
Q

What is the difference between disinfection and sterilization?

A

disinfection - gets rid of most or all mircroorganisms except for spores

sterilization - gets rid of all microorganisms including spores

51
Q

Do you recap needles?

A

NO THROW IN SHARPS BOX

52
Q

What about treatment bottles?

A

dont keep open for long periods

date and discard

53
Q

What about drainage bags or tubes?

A

keep patent

dont lift above site unless clamped

54
Q

What is the number one thing we can do to to prevent spread of infection?

A

WASH HANDS

55
Q

is sharing a good idea all the time?

A

no, not really

try to have your own personal set of care items

56
Q

How can we control portals of entry?

A

maintain skin and mucous integrity

good perineal care

dispose of needles and IVs immediately

keep closed systems closed

clean access ports

wound cleansing

57
Q

How do we protect the patients normal defense mechanisms?

A

bathing

oral hygene

fluid maintenance

TCDB every 2 hours

immunizations

58
Q

What is the main difference between medical asepsis and surgical asepsis?

A

medical or “clean technique” just limits the growth and spread of disease producing organisms

surgical or “sterile technique” practices being free from all disease causing organisms

59
Q

What are the two tiers of medical asepsis?

A 
TIER ONE 
hand hygiene
clean gloves when touching fluids, mucous membranes, or contaminated items
PPE with anticipated exposure
cough etiquette

TIER TWO
add on to tier one with people with known infections

airborne precautions (private room, negative pressure airflow)
for tb caregiver and visitors need N95 or HEPA mask

droplet precautions require private room and providers and visitors need to wear a mask

contact precautions require private room, gloves, gown, disposal of dressing into nonporous bag without touching the side

60
Q

When do wash your hands and when is it okay to use alcohol based gel or foam?

A

if hands arent visibly soiled then you can use alcohol based gel

If hands are soiled then use anti-microbial or non-antimicrobial soap to wash hands

61
Q

Describe a protective environment in the hospital?

A

private room

positive pressure air flow

HEPA filtration for incoming air

respirator mask

gloves and gowns

62
Q

When do you wear a mask or eyewear?

A

masks - airborne or droplet precautions

eyewear - splashing or spraying of blood or body fluid

63
Q

What is the order of application?

A

mask, eyewear, gown, gloves

64
Q

What is the order of removal?

A

gloves, mask, gown, eyewear

65
Q

What indicates sterile technique?

A

invasive procedures

nonintact skin

perforation of patients skin

some dressing changes

care of patients in high risk groups

66
Q

What do we need to know for newborns and infants for infection control?

A

they only have some passive immunity

infections in mom can cause harm to the fetus

direct contact with caregivers is the most frequent mode of transmission

immunizations are important

keeping on a schedule is important

67
Q

What do we need to know about toddlers and infection control?

A

poor hygiene and personal control (put everything in their mouths)

increased exposure through daycare/preschool

teach kids to WASH HANDS

68
Q

What about school age and adolescence and infection control?

A

infections decline at this point

sharing combs and personal items may cause spread of skin disorders or pest infections

May show increase of STIs and mono

teach without preaching

69
Q

What about older adults and adults and infection control?

A

`have immunity due to prior exposures

incidence of infections increase with complications of chronic disease

keep in mind normal physiologic changes with aging

hospitalized adults have a 2-5 times higher rate of acquiring a nosocomial infection

70
Q

What are the take home points?!?!?!?!?!

A

when in doubt wash your hands

Maintaining a sterile field is essential

how can you, as a nurse, control the chain of infection?

Fundamentals (7 decks)

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