Infection and Response Key Questions I struggled on

Question 1

What is a pathogen?

Answer 1

Any virus, bacteria, protist or fungus that causes an infectious disease

Question 2

What are communicable diseases caused by?

Answer 2

Viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi all cause infections

Question 3

Do all microorganisms cause infectious disease?

Answer 3

No, some bacteria is useful for making foods e.g. cheese, yogurt

Question 4

What do pathogenic bacteria/viruses do?

Answer 4

Their cells reproduce rapidly inside the body, producing toxins that damage tissues and make us ill

Question 5

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

Answer 5

fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea

Question 6

What can we use to treat gonorrhoea?

Answer 6

Penicillin

Question 7

What is measels and how is it caused?

Answer 7

A viral disease that can cause death, it is caused by inhaling droplets from sneezes and coughs.

Question 8

What are the symptoms of measels?

Answer 8

red skin rash,fever

Question 9

What is HIV and how is it spread?

Answer 9

A viral disease that attacks the body’s immune cells and is spread by sexual contact or exchange of body fluids

Question 10

What are the first symptoms of HIV?

Answer 10

mild flu-like symptoms

Question 11

What is Tobacco Mosaic Virus
(TMV)?

Answer 11

virus that infects and damages many plant species including tomato

Question 12

What are the symptoms of
TMV?

Answer 12

mosaic coloured pattern appears on the leaves so less photosynthesis occurs, so less glucose is
made - cells have less energy.

Question 13

What is rose black spot and how is it spread?

Answer 13

A fungal disease of rose plants and it is spread in the environment by wind or water

Question 14

What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

Answer 14

Purple or black spots appear on leaves

Question 15

How can we treat rose black spot?

Answer 15

using fungicide spray and removing infected leaves so it doesn’t spread

Question 16

What is malaria?

Answer 16

a disease caused by a protist and spread by a mosquito bite

Question 17

What are the symptoms of malaria?

Answer 17

fever and flu-like symptoms

Question 18

What is a vector species?

Answer 18

a species that carries a microorganism from one infected individual to another

Question 19

What are non-specific defence systems?

Answer 19

defences that the body has against all pathogens e.g. skin, nose, trachea, bronchi, stomach

Question 20

What is our specific defence system?

Answer 20

the immune system tries to destroy any pathogens that enter the body

Question 21

What exactly do white blood cells do?

Answer 21

carry out phagocytosis, produce antibodies and antitoxins

Question 22

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 22

When a white blood cell ingests bacteria and destroys it using enzymes

Question 23

What are antitoxins?

Answer 23

chemicals produced by white blood cells that neutralise toxins produced by bacteria

Question 24

What are antibodies?

Answer 24

specific shaped molecules that bind onto a particular pathogen to destroy it

Question 25

What is a vaccine?

Answer 25

a small quantity of dead or inactive pathogen that is put into an individual so they can develop immunity to the pathogen

Question 26

How do vaccinations work?

Answer 26

White blood cells react to dead/inactive pathogens as if they are harmful, producing antibodies

Question 27

What is digitalis?

Answer 27

a heart drug, originally from the foxglove plant

Question 28

What is aspirin?

Answer 28

a painkiller originally from the willow tree

Question 29

What is penicillin?

Answer 29

the first antibiotic, discovered by alexander fleming

Question 30

Why do drugs need to be trialled before public use?

Answer 30

to check if they are safe and effective, non-toxic and for dosage

Question 31

What is preclinical testing?

Answer 31

testing in a lab, on cells, tissues and live animals

Question 32

What are clinical trials?

Answer 32

Testing on people (healthy volunteers who may benefit from the drug) in small doses

Question 33

What is a double blind trial?

Answer 33

two groups of people, one group gets a placebo, the patients and doctors don’t know who is given what to reduce bias