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Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are two types of cells?

A

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

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2
Q

Which cells are the biggest/smallest?

A

Plant cells are the largest, followed by animal cells,
yeast cells and finally bacterial cells are the
smallest.

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3
Q

Where is the DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

Where is the DNA in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

What cell structures are in all eukaryotic cells?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria
and ribosomes.

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6
Q

What is the function of a cell membrane?

A

Controls entry and exit of substances (cell
transport).

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7
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

To carry out aerobic respiration and release energy

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8
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

To carry out protein synthesis

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9
Q

What structures are only found in
plant/algae cells?

A

Chloroplasts, large vacuole and cell wall made of
cellulose.

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10
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Chloroplasts absorb light energy to carry out
photosynthesis and produce glucose for the plant.

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11
Q

What is the function of a large vacuole?

A

To store water and solutes and help keep the cell
upright.

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12
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A

Cellulose is strong and rigid. It strengthens the cell

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13
Q

What are the only cell structures in a
prokaryotic cell?

A

DNA and ribosomes are the only cell structures in a
prokaryotic (bacterial) cell.

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14
Q

Why don’t prokaryotic cells have mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are bigger than prokaryotic cells so
they don’t fit inside.

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15
Q

Name 2 subcellular structures in the cytoplasm.

A

Mitochondria and Ribosomes

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16
Q

What cells are eukaryotes?

A

Animals,plants,fungi

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17
Q

What cell is prokaryotic?

A

Bacteria

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18
Q

Which cell is smaller, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

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19
Q

Name the parts of a light microscope? (8)

A

Eyepiece lens, arm/handle, objective lens, stage, coarse focus, fine focus(smaller), light source, base

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20
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

image size / actual size

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21
Q

What is the specimen you put under the microscope called?

A

real/actual object

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22
Q

milimetre to micrometer

A

x 1,000

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23
Q

micrometer to nanometer

A

x 1,000

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24
Q

milimeter to nanometer

A

x 1,000,000

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25
What does a light microscope use to work?
a beam of light
26
What does a electron microscope use to work?
a beam of electrons
27
A chemical excreted by animals is
urea
28
A chemical stored in animal cells is
glycogen
29
A chemical stored in plant cells is
starch
30
A chemical that strengthens plant cell walls is
cellulose
31
Give one function of muscle cells.
to cause movement
32
Explain how muscle cells are adapted for their function.
they have many mitochondrias
33
Sugars are transported in the phloem by a process called
translocation
34
what is a specialised cell?
cells that have features adapted for their function
35
what is the equation for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide+ water= glucose + oxygen
36
What structures do both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have in common?
DNA, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes
37
What examples are there of specialised animal cells?
Sperm cells, nerve cells, muscle cells
38
What examples are there of specialised plant cells?
Root hair cells, xylem cells, phloem cells
39
What is a stem cell?
A cell that has not become specialised yet.
40
What is cell differentiation?
When a stem cells develops to form a specialised cell.
41
Where can stem cells be found in an animal?
in bone marrow
42
Where can stem cells be found in a plant?
Near the xylem and phloem and also in the root and shoot tips.
43
What is therapeutic cloning?
Producing an embryo with the same DNA as a patient.
44
What are the risks of using animal stem cells?
Infections caused by viruses could be transferred.
45
Why do scientists think plant stem cells are so useful?
They can be used to clone plants quickly and cheaply and can save rare species from extinction.
46
What is a microscope?
A piece of equipment used to magnify cells.
47
How have microscopes developed through the years?
Lenses have improved now so cracks and bubbles do not show up.
48
Why is an electron microscope better?
The resolution is better so you can see more detail and get clearer images.
49
What are chromosomes?
Structures in the nucleus made of DNA.
50
What are genes?
A small section of DNA that is the code for one whole protein.
51
What is the cell cycle?
The life of a cell
52
When does mitosis take place?
When cells need to divide to grow and repair an organism.
53
What are the new cells from mitosis like?
Two genetically identical cells
54
What are three types of cell transport?
Diffusion, osmosis and active transport
55
What is the definition of diffusion?
The spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
56
What are the factors that affect the rate of diffusion?
Concentration gradient, temperature, Surface area of the membrane
57
What molecules move into cells by diffusion?
Oxygen and glucose
58
What molecules move out of cells by diffusion?
Carbon dioxide and urea
59
What is a tissue?
A group of cells with a similar structure and function.
60
What is an organ?
A group of different tissues working together to carry out a function.
61
What is an organ system?
A group of organs working together to carry out a function.
62
What is an organism?
A living thing made of organ systems working together.
63
What is the digestive system?
An organ system which works to digest food and absorb the nutrients into the bloodstream.
64
What are enzymes?
Catalysts, made of protein that speed up reactions.
65
What is active transport?
The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
66
When does differentiation happen?
animal cells - early stage embryo plants - through the life of the plant
67
What is surface area to volume ratio?
the larger the surface area compared to the volume of a cell or organism, the faster the rate of diffusion
68
What are the features of efficient exchange surfaces?
Large surface area and thin membrane (plus, in animals efficient blood supply and ventilation)
69
Which mammal surfaces are efficient?
small intestine and lungs
70
Which fish surfaces are efficient?
gills
71
Which plant surfaces are efficient?
roots and leaves
72
What is osmosis?
the diffusion of water molecules from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution across a partially permeable membrane
73
What is active transport?
the movement of substances (solutes) against their concentration gradient (from dilute to more concentrated) - this requires energy from respiration so its active not passive
74
Why is active transport needed?
when a cell needs molecules it can't get by diffusion
75
Plant example of AT (miairhcfdsis)
allows mineral ions to be absorbed into root hair cells from very dilute solutions in the soil
76
Animal example of AT (gmisiaib)
glucose molecules in the small intestine need to be absorbed into the blood
77
When carrying out the osmosis experiment with potatoes, why are the potatoes peeled?
To allow the maximum amount of water movement either into or out of the potato. This is because the potato skin is waterproof.
78
Why are the potato samples dried before they are weighed in the osmosis experiment?
To remove excess water which could impact on the measured mass of the potato sample
79
If a solution is 1 mol / dm3 of sugar, is this a strong or weak solution?
strong sugar solution
80
What would you predict would happen to the mass of a peeled potato sample in a test tube of distilled water (pure water)?
the mass of the potato would increase because the water would move by osmosis from dilute to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane
81
Why is temperature controlled in the osmosis experiment?
It's a control variable - warm water moves faster by osmosis. So if the temperature of water is not controlled, the results may not be reliable
82
How would we control the temperature in the osmosis experiment?
use a water bath

Biology (11 decks)

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