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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are two types of cells?

A

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

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2
Q

Which cells are the biggest/smallest?

A

Plant cells are the largest, followed by animal cells,
yeast cells and finally bacterial cells are the
smallest.

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3
Q

Where is the DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

Where is the DNA in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

What cell structures are in all eukaryotic cells?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria
and ribosomes.

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6
Q

What is the function of a cell membrane?

A

Controls entry and exit of substances (cell
transport).

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7
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

To carry out aerobic respiration and release energy

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8
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

To carry out protein synthesis

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9
Q

What structures are only found in
plant/algae cells?

A

Chloroplasts, large vacuole and cell wall made of
cellulose.

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10
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Chloroplasts absorb light energy to carry out
photosynthesis and produce glucose for the plant.

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11
Q

What is the function of a large vacuole?

A

To store water and solutes and help keep the cell
upright.

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12
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A

Cellulose is strong and rigid. It strengthens the cell

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13
Q

What are the only cell structures in a
prokaryotic cell?

A

DNA and ribosomes are the only cell structures in a
prokaryotic (bacterial) cell.

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14
Q

Why don’t prokaryotic cells have mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are bigger than prokaryotic cells so
they don’t fit inside.

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15
Q

Name 2 subcellular structures in the cytoplasm.

A

Mitochondria and Ribosomes

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16
Q

What cells are eukaryotes?

A

Animals,plants,fungi

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17
Q

What cell is prokaryotic?

A

Bacteria

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18
Q

Which cell is smaller, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

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19
Q

Name the parts of a light microscope? (8)

A

Eyepiece lens, arm/handle, objective lens, stage, coarse focus, fine focus(smaller), light source, base

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20
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

image size / actual size

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21
Q

What is the specimen you put under the microscope called?

A

real/actual object

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22
Q

milimetre to micrometer

A

x 1,000

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23
Q

micrometer to nanometer

A

x 1,000

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24
Q

milimeter to nanometer

A

x 1,000,000

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25
Q

What does a light microscope use to work?

A

a beam of light

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26
Q

What does a electron microscope use to work?

A

a beam of electrons

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27
Q

A chemical excreted by animals is

A

urea

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28
Q

A chemical stored in animal cells is

A

glycogen

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29
Q

A chemical stored in plant cells is

A

starch

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30
Q

A chemical that strengthens plant cell walls is

A

cellulose

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31
Q

Give one function of muscle cells.

A

to cause movement

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32
Q

Explain how muscle cells are adapted for their function.

A

they have many mitochondrias

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33
Q

Sugars are transported in the phloem by a process
called

A

translocation

34
Q

what is a specialised cell?

A

cells that have features adapted for their function

35
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide+ water= glucose + oxygen

36
Q

What structures do both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have in common?

A

DNA, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes

37
Q

What examples are there of specialised animal cells?

A

Sperm cells, nerve cells, muscle cells

38
Q

What examples are there of specialised plant cells?

A

Root hair cells, xylem cells, phloem cells

39
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A cell that has not become specialised yet.

40
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

When a stem cells develops to form a specialised cell.

41
Q

Where can stem cells be found in an animal?

A

in bone marrow

42
Q

Where can stem cells be found in a plant?

A

Near the xylem and phloem and also in the root and shoot tips.

43
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Producing an embryo with the same DNA as a patient.

44
Q

What are the risks of using animal stem cells?

A

Infections caused by viruses could be transferred.

45
Q

Why do scientists think plant stem cells are so useful?

A

They can be used to clone plants quickly and cheaply and can save rare species from extinction.

46
Q

What is a microscope?

A

A piece of equipment used to magnify cells.

47
Q

How have microscopes developed through the years?

A

Lenses have improved now so cracks and bubbles do not show up.

48
Q

Why is an electron microscope better?

A

The resolution is better so you can see more detail and get clearer images.

49
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Structures in the nucleus made of DNA.

50
Q

What are genes?

A

A small section of DNA that is the code for one whole protein.

51
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The life of a cell

52
Q

When does mitosis take place?

A

When cells need to divide to grow and repair an organism.

53
Q

What are the new cells from mitosis like?

A

Two genetically identical cells

54
Q

What are three types of cell transport?

A

Diffusion, osmosis and active transport

55
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

The spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

56
Q

What are the factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Concentration gradient, temperature, Surface area of the membrane

57
Q

What molecules move into cells by diffusion?

A

Oxygen and glucose

58
Q

What molecules move out of cells by diffusion?

A

Carbon dioxide and urea

59
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and
function.

60
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues working together to
carry out a function.

61
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to carry out a function.

62
Q

What is an organism?

A

A living thing made of organ systems working
together.

63
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

An organ system which works to digest food and
absorb the nutrients into the bloodstream.

64
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalysts, made of protein that speed up reactions.

65
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

66
Q

When does differentiation happen?

A

animal cells - early stage embryo
plants - through the life of the plant

67
Q

What is surface area to volume ratio?

A

the larger the surface area compared to the volume of a cell or organism, the faster the rate of diffusion

68
Q

What are the features of efficient exchange surfaces?

A

Large surface area and thin membrane (plus, in animals efficient blood supply and ventilation)

69
Q

Which mammal surfaces are efficient?

A

small intestine and lungs

70
Q

Which fish surfaces are efficient?

A

gills

71
Q

Which plant surfaces are efficient?

A

roots and leaves

72
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the diffusion of water molecules from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution across a partially permeable membrane

73
Q

What is active transport?

A

the movement of substances (solutes) against their concentration gradient (from dilute to more concentrated) - this requires energy from respiration so its active not passive

74
Q

Why is active transport needed?

A

when a cell needs molecules it can’t get by diffusion

75
Q

Plant example of AT

A

allows mineral ions to be absorbed into root hair cells from very dilute solutions in the soil

76
Q

Animal example of AT

A

glucose molecules in the small intestine need to be absorbed into the blood

77
Q

When carrying out the osmosis experiment with potatoes, why are the potatoes peeled?

A

To allow the maximum amount of water movement either into or out of the potato. This is because the potato skin is waterproof.

78
Q

Why are the potato samples dried before they are weighed in the osmosis experiment?

A

To remove excess water which could impact on the measured mass of the potato sample

79
Q

If a solution is 1 mol / dm3 of sugar, is this a strong or weak solution?

A

strong sugar solution

80
Q

What would you predict would happen to the mass of a peeled potato sample in a test tube of distilled water (pure water)?

A

the mass of the potato would increase because the water would move by osmosis from dilute to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

81
Q

Why is temperature controlled in the osmosis experiment?

A

It’s a control variable - warm water moves faster by osmosis. So if the temperature of water is not controlled, the results may not be reliable

82
Q

How would we control the temperature in the osmosis experiment?

A

use a water bath

Biology (6 decks)

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