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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are two types of cells?

A

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

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2
Q

Which cells are the biggest/smallest?

A

Plant cells are the largest, followed by animal cells,
yeast cells and finally bacterial cells are the
smallest.

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3
Q

Where is the DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

Where is the DNA in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

What cell structures are in all eukaryotic cells?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria
and ribosomes.

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6
Q

What is the function of a cell membrane?

A

Controls entry and exit of substances (cell
transport).

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7
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

To carry out aerobic respiration and release energy

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8
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

To carry out protein synthesis

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9
Q

What structures are only found in
plant/algae cells?

A

Chloroplasts, large vacuole and cell wall made of
cellulose.

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10
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Chloroplasts absorb light energy to carry out
photosynthesis and produce glucose for the plant.

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11
Q

What is the function of a large vacuole?

A

To store water and solutes and help keep the cell
upright.

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12
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A

Cellulose is strong and rigid. It strengthens the cell

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13
Q

What are the only cell structures in a
prokaryotic cell?

A

DNA and ribosomes are the only cell structures in a
prokaryotic (bacterial) cell.

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14
Q

Why don’t prokaryotic cells have mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are bigger than prokaryotic cells so
they don’t fit inside.

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15
Q

Name 2 subcellular structures on the cytoplasm.

A

Mitochondria and Ribosomes

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16
Q

What cells are eukaryotes?

A

Animals,plants,fungi

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17
Q

What cell is prokaryotic?

A

Bacteria

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18
Q

Which cell is smaller, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

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19
Q

Name the parts of a light microscope? (8)

A

Eyepiece lens, arm/handle, objective lens, stage, coarse focus, fine focus(smaller), light source, base

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20
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

image size / actual size

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21
Q

What is the specimen you put under the microscope called?

A

real/actual object

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22
Q

milimetre to micrometer

A

x 1,000

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23
Q

micrometer to nanometer

A

x 1,000

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24
Q

milimeter to nanometer

A

x 1,000,000

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25
Q

What does a light microscope use to work?

A

a beam of light

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26
Q

What does a electron microscope use to work?

A

a beam of electrons

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27
Q

A chemical excreted by animals is

A

urea

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28
Q

A chemical stored in animal cells is

A

glycogen

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29
Q

A chemical stored in plant cells is

A

starch

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30
Q

A chemical that strengthens plant cell walls is

A

cellulose

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31
Q

Give one function of muscle cells.

A

to cause movement

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32
Q

Explain how muscle cells are adapted for their function.

A

they have many mitochondrias

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33
Q

Sugars are transported in the phloem by a process
called

A

translocation

34
Q

what is a specialised cell?

A

cells that have features adapted for their function

35
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide+ water= glucose + oxygen

36
Q

What structures do both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have in common?

A

DNA, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes

37
Q

What examples are there of specialised animal cells?

A

Sperm cells, nerve cells, muscle cells

38
Q

What examples are there of specialised plant cells?

A

Root hair cells, xylem cells, phloem cells

39
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A cell that has not become specialised yet.

40
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

When a stem cells develops to form a specialised cell.

41
Q

Where can stem cells be found in an animal?

A

in bone marrow

42
Q

Where can stem cells be found in a plant?

A

Near the xylem and phloem and also in the root and shoot tips.

43
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Producing an embryo with the same DNA as a patient.

44
Q

What are the risks of using animal stem cells?

A

Infections caused by viruses could be transferred.

45
Q

Why do scientists think plant stem cells are so useful?

A

They can be used to clone plants quickly and cheaply and can save rare species from extinction.

46
Q

What is a microscope?

A

A piece of equipment used to magnify cells.

47
Q

How have microscopes developed through the years?

A

Lenses have improved now so cracks and bubbles do not show up.

48
Q

Why is an electron microscope better?

A

The resolution is better so you can see more detail and get clearer images.

49
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Structures in the nucleus made of DNA.

50
Q

What are genes?

A

A small section of DNA that is the code for one whole protein.

51
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The life of a cell

52
Q

When does mitosis take place?

A

When cells need to divide to grow and repair an organism.

53
Q

What are the new cells from mitosis like?

A

Two genetically identical cells

54
Q

What are three types of cell transport?

A

Diffusion, osmosis and active transport

55
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

The spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

56
Q

What are the factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Concentration gradient, temperature, Surface area of the membrane

57
Q

What molecules move into cells by diffusion?

A

Oxygen and glucose

58
Q

What molecules move out of cells by diffusion?

A

Carbon dioxide and urea

59
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and
function.

60
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues working together to
carry out a function.

61
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to carry out a function.

62
Q

What is an organism?

A

A living thing made of organ systems working
together.

63
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

An organ system which works to digest food and
absorb the nutrients into the bloodstream.

64
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalysts, made of protein that speed up reactions.

65
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

66
Q

When does differentiation happen?

A

animal cells - early stage embryo
plants - through the life of the plant

67
Q

What is surface area to volume ratio?

A

the larger the surface area compared to the volume of a cell or organism, the faster the rate of diffusion. It needs to be fast to allow enough molecules in/out for survival.

68
Q

What are the features of efficient exchange surfaces?

A

Large surface area and thin membrane (plus, in animals efficient blood supply and ventilation)

69
Q

Which mammal surfaces are efficient?

A

small intestine and lungs

70
Q

Which fish surfaces are efficient?

A

gills

71
Q

Which plant surfaces are efficient?

A

roots and leaves

72
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the diffusion of water molecules from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution across a partially permeable membrane

73
Q

What is active transport?

A

the movement of substances (solutes) against their concentration gradient (from dilute to more concentrated) - this requires energy from respiration so its active not passive

74
Q

Why is active transport needed?

A

when a cell needs molecules it can’t get by diffusion, as there are more of the molecules in the cell than there are outside of it

75
Q

Plant example of AT

A

allows mineral ions to be absorbed into root hair cells from very dilute solutions in the soil, plants need these ions for healthy growth

76
Q

Animal example of AT

A

glucose molecules in the small intestine need to be absorbed into the blood, most of the glucose diffuses but when the concentration in the blood is higher than the intestine, AT absorbs the rest

77
Q

When carrying out the osmosis experiment with potatoes, why are the potatoes peeled?

A

To allow the maximum amount of water movement either into or out of the potato. This is because the potato skin is waterproof.

78
Q

Why are the potato samples dried before they are weighed in the osmosis experiment?

A

To remove excess water which could impact on the measured mass of the potato sample

79
Q

If a solution is 1 mol / dm3 of sugar, is this a strong or weak solution?

A

strong sugar solution

80
Q

What would you predict would happen to the mass of a peeled potato sample in a test tube of distilled water (pure water)?

A

the mass of the potato would increase because the water would move by osmosis from dilute to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

81
Q

Why is temperature controlled in the osmosis experiment?

A

It’s a control variable - warm water moves faster by osmosis. So if the temperature of water is not controlled, the results may not be reliable

82
Q

How would we control the temperature in the osmosis experiment?

A

use a water bath

Biology (6 decks)

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