Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Infection and Response > Flashcards

Infection and Response Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Any virus, bacteria, protist or fungus that causes an infectious disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are communicable diseases caused by?

A

Viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi all cause infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Do all microorganisms cause infectious disease?

A

No, some bacteria is useful for making foods e.g. cheese, yogurt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do pathogenic bacteria/viruses do?

A

Their cells reproduce rapidly inside the body, producing toxins that damage tissues and make us ill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can we use to treat gonorrhoea?

A

Penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is measels and how is it caused?

A

A viral disease that can cause death, it is caused by inhaling droplets from sneezes and coughs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the symptoms of measels?

A

red skin rash,fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is HIV and how is it spread?

A

A viral disease that attacks the body’s immune cells and is spread by sexual contact or exchange of body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the first symptoms of HIV?

A

mild flu-like symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Tobacco Mosaic Virus
(TMV)?

A

virus that infects and damages many plant species including tomato

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the symptoms of
TMV?

A

mosaic coloured pattern appears on the leaves so less photosynthesis occurs, so less glucose is
made - cells have less energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is rose black spot and how is it spread?

A

A fungal disease of rose plants and it is spread in the environment by wind or water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

A

Purple or black spots appear on leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can we treat rose black spot?

A

using fungicide spray and removing infected leaves so it doesn’t spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is malaria?

A

a disease caused by a protist and spread by a mosquito bite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

fever and flu-like symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a vector species?

A

a species that carries a microorganism from one infected individual to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are non-specific defence systems?

A

defences that the body has against all pathogens e.g. skin, nose, trachea, bronchi, stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is our specific defence system?

A

the immune system tries to destroy any pathogens that enter the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What exactly do white blood cells do?

A

carry out phagocytosis, produce antibodies and antitoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

When a white blood cell ingests bacteria and destroys it using enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are antitoxins?

A

chemicals produced by white blood cells that neutralise toxins produced by bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are antibodies?

A

specific shaped molecules that bind onto a particular pathogen to destroy it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is a vaccine?
a small quantity of dead or inactive pathogen that is put into an individual so they can develop immunity to the pathogen
26
How do vaccinations work?
White blood cells react to dead/inactive pathogens as if they are harmful, producing antibodies
27
What is digitalis?
a heart drug, originally from the foxglove plant
28
What is aspirin?
a painkiller originally from the willow tree
29
What is penicillin?
the first antibiotic, discovered by alexander fleming
30
Why do drugs need to be trialled before public use?
to check if they are safe and effective, non-toxic and for dosage
31
What is preclinical testing?
testing in a lab, on cells, tissues and live animals
32
What are clinical trials?
Testing on people (healthy volunteers who may benefit from the drug) in small doses
33
What is a double blind trial?
two groups of people, one group gets a placebo, the patients and doctors don't know who is given what to reduce bias
34
What is a communicable disease?
Any disease that is infections
35
What are communicable diseases caused by?
In animals and plants infections are caused by: viruses,bacteria,protists,fungi
36
Do all microorganisms cause infectious disease?
No, many microorganisms are not pathogens. Some bacteria are useful,for making cheese/yogurt. We can eat fungi e.g. mushrooms and quorn
37
How are all pathogenic microorganisms spread?
Spread of microorganisms can be by direct contact,by water or by air
38
What is salmonella?
A type of food poisoning caused by bacteria ingested (eaten) in/on food (usually chicken or eggs prepared in unhygienic conditions)
39
How are we kept safe from salmonella?
In the UK poultry (chicken) are vaccinated against salmonella to control the spread of bacteria
40
What is gonorrhoea?
A sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria. It is spread by sexual contact with an infected person.
41
What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?
Thick yellow or green discharge from the penis or vagina,pain when urinating
42
How can we prevent gonorrhoea spreading?
Antibiotics will kill the bacteria but the infected person needs to use a barrier method of contraception e.g. condom
43
What do pathogenic viruses do?
They reproduce rapidly inside cells,causing cell damage when they are released
44
How can we prevent measles spreading?
Most young children are vaccinated against measles
45
What is late stage HIV (AIDS) ?
The immune system becomes seriously damaged and the infected person gets ill from any other infections e.g. flu,cancers
46
How can we treat HIV?
Antiretroviral drugs can successfully control the virus and prevent some of the damage to the immune system which can stop HIV becoming AIDS
47
How can we prevent the spread of malaria?
Preventing the vector from spreading the protist,using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten. Preventing the mosquitos from breeding keeps vector numbers low
48
How does the skin prevent pathogens entering?
The skin is a waterproof layer that prevents most pathogens from entering the body. If the skin is damaged the wound is sealed quickly by a scab forming
49
How does the nose prevent pathogens entering?
The nose has hairs and mucus to trap airborne pathogenic microorganisms and stop them from getting further into the body
50
How do the trachea/bronchi prevent pathogens entering?
They have sticky mucus that traps airborne pathogens, and also the cells lining these airways have cilia that waft the mucus up to the throat to be swallowed
51
How does the stomach prevent pathogens entering?
The stomach contains hydrochloric acid (pH 2) which destroys most pathogens that are ingested in food
52
How can we become immune to an infectious disease?
The first time a white blood cell meets a pathogen it takes time to make antibodies and destroy it but the next time the pathogen enters antibodies can be made fast so they don’t get ill
53
What was the first vaccine?
Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine when he noticed that milkmaids who has the mild infection of cowpox never got the dangerous smallpox infection
54
How successful are vaccines?
Very successful as long as enough people are vaccinated. Smallpox has been completely eradicated due to vaccination.
55
What are antibiotics?
Drugs developed to destroy infectious bacteria inside the body. The first antibiotic discovered was penicillin.
56
Do antibiotics work on all pathogens?
Antibiotics only kill bacteria. They can’t kill viral pathogens because the virus is inside the body cells where the antibiotic can’t reach
57
Is there more than one type of antibiotic?
There are many types. It is important that specific types of bacteria are treated with specific antibiotics.
58
Do all antibiotics work well?
No, lots of antibiotics have become less useful as bacteria have evolved resistant strains. The antibodies don’t work on resistant bacteria.
59
What sort of drugs can destroy viral pathogens?
Antiviral drugs destroy viral pathogens but it is difficult to kill a virus without damaging body tissues and this makes them very expensive to develop.
60
What do painkillers do?
Painkillers stop the feeling of pain but don’t destroy pathogens (they just remove some symptoms)
61
What about other medicines?
Ibuprofen reduces inflammation and cough mixtures just soothe often by reducing friction in our throat and chest
62
Where do drugs come from?
Traditionally drugs came from plant extracts or microorganisms
63
How are new drugs developed?
Scientists in the pharmaceutical industry synthesise (make) and test new drugs

Biology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions