Infection And Response Flashcards
What is meant by a communicable disease
A disease that spreads
List three viral diseases
Measles
HIV
TMV
Rubella
List some symptoms of measles
Red skin rash
Fever
List symptoms of HIV
Flu like symptoms
How is measles treated
Vaccination
How is HIV treated
Antiretroviral drugs
What effect does rose black spot disease have on plants
Causes the leaves to turn yellow and fall off which means less photosynthesis
Is rose black spot disease fungal or viral
Fungal
How do you get measles
Spread by droplets of an infected person eg sneezing or coughing
How do get HIV
Sexual contact or by exchanging bodily fluids
How is gonorrhoea transmitted between individuals
Sexually
How can vaccinations limit the spread of a disease
More people are immune to it which means there is a less chance of people catching it and spreading it
What is malaria causes by
Protist
How does malaria spread
Mosquitos pick up the protist and feed on an animal or human and infect them. The protist then gets into the blood vessels
How can malaria be prevented
Mosquito nets
What is Salmonella
A bacterial disease
How is salmonella spread
Eating food that has been contaminated
Symptoms of salmonella
Fever
Stomach cramps
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
How does bacteria make us feel unwell
They produce toxins
Is gonorrhoea bacterial or viral
Bacterial
Symptoms of gonorrhoea
Painful urination
Thick yellow or green discharge
How do you treat gonorrhoea
Antibiotics/ penicillin
How do you prevent the spread of gonorrhoea
Condoms
How do you treat rose black spot disease
Fungicides and getting rid of infected leaves
What does TMV stand for
Tobacco mosaic virus
What is TMV
When plants become discoloured
What is the effect of TMV
Leaves can’t carry out photosynthesis so it affects growth
Name three ways we can prevent disease
Washing your hands/ be more hygienic
Destroying vectors eg getting rid of organisms that pass it on or insecticides
Isolating individuals
How is the skin adapted to defend against the entry of pathogens
Acts as a barrier to prevent them getting in
What is the role of the immune system
To protect us from disease
From what organism was the drug digital is sourced originally
Fox gloves
What is meant by the efficacy of a drug
If he drug works and produces the effect your using it for
What is a placebo
A fake version of the drug
Why are placebos used in drug trials
To compare results
Give one way fungi cause disease
They grow and penetrate human skin
How do viruses make us feel unwell
They invade host cells they than replicate and eventually the cell bursts the cell damage makes us feel unwell
What do the trachea and bronchi have that help the body defend against pathogen
They produce mucus to trap pathogens if they are swallowed they go to the stomach and get destroyed by The acid
What is the name for the molecules which antibodies lock onto on the surface of a pathogen
Antigens
What are antitoxins
Substances that neutralise toxins
What is injected into the body during a vaccination
An inactive version of the pathogen
Which plant does the painkiller and aspirin originate from
Aspirin is from the willow tree
What helped our current medicines to develop and how
Traditional cures as the chemicals found from the source are developed
How does antibiotic resistance rise in a population of bacteria
Bacteria has a mutation by natural selection this bacteria survives amongst the other bacteria this bacteria than reproduces making more resistant bacteria
Name the scientist that discovered penicillin
Alexander Fleming
What two things are the drugs tested on in preclinical trials
Hunan cells and tissues and live animals (possibly)
Explains what happens in a clinical trial
Healthy volunteers are separated into two group one receives a placebo and the other receive the real thing this could be blind or double blind. The results are then peer reviewed to prevent false claims
What do preclinical trials test for
Efficacy
Toxicity
Dosage
What are three things white blood cells do to protect us
Consume them
Produce antibodies
Antitoxins
