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Biology (9-1) Gcse higher > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between an animal cell and a plant cell?

A

A plant cell has a cell wall

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2
Q

What is the purpose of:

Cell wall

A

Made up of cellulose and strengthens the cell

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3
Q

What is the purpose of:

Cell membrane

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

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4
Q

What is the purpose of:

Nucleus

A

Controls the cell

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5
Q

What is the purpose of:

Ribosomes

A

They make proteins through proteinsynthesis

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6
Q

What is the purpose of:

Cytoplasm

A

Chemical reactions take place here and it holds the cell together

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7
Q

What is the purpose of:

Mitochondria

A

Carries out respiration to give the cell energy

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8
Q

What is the purpose of:

Vacuole

A

Stores or the nutrients such as sugars and cell sap for the plant

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9
Q

What is the purpose of:

Chloroplasts

A

Contains chlorophyll and is used for photosynthesis

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10
Q

Name the subcellular structures where aerobic respiration takes place

A

Mitochondria

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11
Q

Give three ways in which animal cells are different to plant cells

A

1) animal cells have a cell membranes
2) plant cells have a vacuole
3) plant cells have chloroplasts

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12
Q

Give two differences in structure between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotes are smaller

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus

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13
Q

What type of microscope should be used to look at the internal chloroplasts

A

Electron microscopes

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14
Q

Write the number 0.00045 micrometers in standard form

A

4.5X10 to the power of -4

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15
Q

What does cell differentiation mean

A

When cells do not have a specific function

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16
Q

Describe how a root hair cell is specialised for its function

A

It has a large surface area to absorb water and minerals due to its hair like shape

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17
Q

How can stem cells be used to preserve a rare plant species

A

Copies of a plant can be made through taking stem cells from the meristem and growing them into new genetically identical plants clones

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18
Q

Where in the cell are chromosomes found

A

The nucleus

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19
Q

True of false the cells produced in mitosis are genetically identical

A

True

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20
Q

Explain why temperature affects diffusion

A

The higher the temperature the faster the rate of diffusion because the particles have more energy and move around faster

21
Q

What is meant by the term a partially permeable membrane

A

Only allows small molecules like water to diffuse through it

22
Q

Give four ways in which exchange surfaces are animals are adapted to maximise their affectedness

A

They’re saying they have large surface area they have lots of blood vessels and they often ventilated

23
Q

Other than diffusion what other two processes do substances move across exchange surfaces

A

Active transport and osmosis

24
Q

Name two exchange surfaces in humans

A

Alveoli vili

25
Q

Give two ways In which the structure of a gill is adapted for effective gas exchange

A

Lots of filaments lots of capillaries large surface area large concentration gradient between water and blood
(Any of these)

26
Q

What type of organism is bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes

27
Q

Which has higher resolution a light or electron microscope

A

Electron

28
Q

How have electron microscopes increased our understanding of sub cellular structures

A

It allows us to see smaller things in more detail such as chloroplasts etec

29
Q

Why do cells differentiate

A

To become specialised for a specific function

30
Q

Give three ways a sperm cell is adapted for swimming to an egg cell

A

Lots of mitochondria
A tail
Streamlined head

31
Q

Why does a nerve cell have this shape?

A

To connect to other nerve cells

32
Q

Give two ways that embryonic stem cells could be used to cure diseases

A

They’re undifferentiated cells so they can be made to be specialised to become a cell that will replace faulty ones

33
Q

Why might people be opposed to using stem cells

A

It’s unethical because each one is potentially a human life and the embryo’s rights can be seen as less important

34
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Chromosomes are coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

35
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

When body cells divide to produce new cells

36
Q

What is mitosis used for in multicellular organisms

A

Growth and repair

37
Q

What is diffusion

A

The spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of a low concentration

38
Q

Name three substances that can diffuses through a cell membrane and two that can’t

A

Glucose amino acids and water can diffuse starch and proteins can’t

39
Q

What type of molecules move by osmosis

A

Water

40
Q

Give two main difference between active transport and diffusion

A

Active transport is against a concentration gradient and diffusion is from a high to a low concentration

41
Q

Give one way in which the alveoli is adapted for gas exchange

A

Large surface area

42
Q

Give two ways that the Vili in the small intestine are adapted for absorbing digested food

A

They have a single layer of surface cells and have a very good blood supply for quick absorption

43
Q

Explain how leaves are adapted to maximise the amount of carbon dioxide that gets to their cells

A

The underneath of the lead has stomata which allows carbon dioxide to diffuse through and there are air spaces in the lead to increase surface area for carbon dioxide to get into the cells

44
Q

Briefly explain mitosis

A

1) Firstly before mitosis the cell must grow
2) The cell cycle involves the dividing cells to form identical ones
3) The cell has to grow sub cellular structures eg ribosomes
4) DNA is duplicated so there is one copy for each cell
5) Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
6) Fibres pull them apart
7) chromosomes go to the end of the cell
8) Membranes form around them to form he nucleus
9) The cell membrane and cytoplasm divide
10) two new identical daughter cells are produced

45
Q

Explain how the sperm cell is specialised

A
  • stream lined head and tail for swimming

- lots of mitochondria for energy

46
Q

Explain how muscle cells are specialised

A
  • long so they have space to contract

- lots of mitochondria

47
Q

Explain how the alveoli is adapted for gas exchange

A
  • large surface area
  • moist lining for dissolving gasses
  • very thin walls
  • good blood supply
48
Q

How are the Vili adapted to exchanging surfaces

A
  • single layer of surface cells

- good blood supply for quick absorption

49
Q

How leaves adapted to gas exchange

A
  • stomata let’s water vapour diffuse out
  • guard cells minimise water loss and control the stomata
  • flat shape maximises surface area
  • air spaces means more CO2 can diffuse in

Biology (9-1) Gcse higher (5 decks)

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