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biology > infection and response > Flashcards

infection and response Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

a microorganism that causes a disease

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2
Q

What is a virus?

A

Not alive, made of DNA, replicate to infect, cannot be treated by antibiotics. Tobacco mosaic, HIV, AIDs, influenza etc.

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3
Q

What is bacterial disease?

A

Not all cause disease, prokaryotic, no nucleus, cells. Gonorrhea, salmonella, food poisoning etc.

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4
Q

What is a protist disease?

A

A group of micoorganisms, animalistic/plant/fungi features, eukaryotic. Malaria, sleeping sickness, diarrhea.

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5
Q

What is fungal disease?

A

Not all cause disease, can be multicellular, made of yeast, eukaryotic. Athletes foot, rose black spot.

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6
Q

What is the skin’s defence?

A

forms a scab to heal any cuts.

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7
Q

What is the nose defence?

A

internal hairs and mucus trap pathogens.

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8
Q

What is the stomach defence?

A

acid kills any pathogens/ infections.

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9
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

surrounds pathogens in blood+ engulfs them.

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10
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

type of white blood cells, recognise foreign antigens.

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11
Q

What are the 2 lifecycle pathways of viruses?

A

Lytic- when viruses reproduce inside of the host cell and then burst out. Lysogenic- when DNA is incorporated into the DNA of the host cell.

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12
Q

What are the types of disease transmission?

A

Direct contact, water, air, unhygienic food, vector.

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13
Q

How do pathogens cause symptoms?

A

releasing toxins, damaging cells by reproducing/ invading

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

high fever, running nose, watery eyes

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15
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Through body fluids, unprotected sex, unsterilized needles.

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16
Q

Describe tobacco mosaic virus.

A

infects tobacco and lots of other closely related species like tomatoes and peppers. It is transmitted by contact between plants, either naturally or on the hands of farmers. It infects the chloroplasts. of plant leaves and changes their colour from green to yellow or white in a mosaic pattern.

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17
Q

How can Gonorrhoea be spread/reduced?

A

Using condoms

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18
Q

Symptoms of gonorrhoea.

A

a thick green or yellow discharge from the vagina or penis, pain when peeing and, in women, bleeding between periods.

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19
Q

Treatment of gonorrhoea.

A

Antibiotics to stop it spreading/reproducing.

20
Q

Describe rose black spot.

A

Caused by a fungus which infects roses. It infects leaves and causes black or purple spots on the leaves. The rest of the leaves often turn yellow and drop off the plant. This reduces the plant’s ability to photosynthesise and therefore reduces growth.

21
Q

What is the cause of malaria

A

Mosquitos carrying protists.

22
Q

How can you reduce the spread of malaria.

A

By using vectors.

23
Q

Role of white blood cells?

A

To fight and protect against pathogens.

24
Q

What is the process of vaccinations?

A

Introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies.

25
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

The majority of the population must be vaccinated against serious diseases, which can reduce the chance of people coming into contact with specific pathogen.

26
Q

What can antibiotics cure?

A

Infections caused by bacteria.

27
Q

What is antibiotic resistance bacteria?

A

Bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics will survive for longer than bacteria that is not resistant. They will therefore reproduce more and then survive for longer, increasing the population of the resistant strain. Antibiotic resistant bacteria will form a strain that spreads.

28
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

relieve pain symptoms, do not kill pathogens.

29
Q

Why is it difficult to develop a drug that will kill viruses.

A

the virus infects a cell and hijacks the cell’s machinery in order to create more copies of itself. Destroying the virus will often mean destroying the cell that the virus is inside of.

30
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

31
Q

What was penicillin discovered from?

A

Mould growing on a Petri dish

32
Q

What is penicillin?

A

First effective antibiotic.

33
Q

Where were drugs traditionally extracted from?

A

plants and microorganisms.

34
Q

What are the stages in development of new medicinal drugs?

A

The drugs are tested using computer models and skin cells grown using human stem cells in the laboratory. Drugs that pass the first stage are tested on animals in the second part of a preclinical drug trial. Drugs that have passed animal tests are used in human clinical trials.

35
Q

What is placebo?

A

An inactive substance made to resemble a drug for researchers to use as a control.

36
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

A trial where neither the researchers nor the patients know what they are getting.

37
Q

What is monoclonal antibodies?

A

Identical copies of one type of antibody

38
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

By using a process called cell culture, immune cells are taken from an animal and combined with cancer cells to create a hybrid cell line that produces a specific type of antibody.

39
Q

What are advantages of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Enhanced safety and lower toxicity

40
Q

How are plant diseases detected and identified?

A

Visual inspections, laboratory tests, and the use of diagnostic tools such as microscopes or culture tests.

41
Q

How can plants be infected by insects?

A

Aphids feed on the sap within plant stems and are commonly found on tomato plants and roses. Sucking the sap from the plant’s stem reduces the amount of glucose available to the plant, reducing plant growth and can eventually lead to death of the plant.

42
Q

What happens if a plant has an iron deficiency?

A

Reduced chlorophyll content, yellow leaves.

43
Q

Physical defences on plants.

A

Thorns, spikes.

44
Q

Chemical defences on plants.

A

Mint and witch hazel

45
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

A fever, sweats and chills, headaches, vomiting and diarrhoea close diarrhoeaLiquid faeces

biology (9 decks)

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