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homeostatis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

maintaining a constant internal conditions inside the body in response to internal or external changes

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2
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

a network of nerve cells and fibres which transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body

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3
Q

What is the endocrive system?

A

a collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, sexual function, sleep, reproduction, mood etc.

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4
Q

What are the nervous system components?

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

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5
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in your enviournment which you need to react to, for example light, sound touch, pain, pressure etc.

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6
Q

What do sensory neurones do?

A

carry signals from receptors to the brain

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7
Q

What do relay neurones do?

A

carry messages from one part of the CNS to another

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8
Q

What do motor neurones do?

A

carry signals from CNS to effectors

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9
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

CNS= brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

PNS= nerves

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11
Q

What are sense organs?

A

receptors that detect stimal: eyes, nose, ears etc.

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12
Q

What is the Synapse?

A

the tiny gap between 2 meeting neurones

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13
Q

What are the main stages of a reflex arc?

A

stimulus->receptor->sensory neuron->relay neuron->motor neuron-> effector->response.

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14
Q

What is the optic nerve function?

A

connects and sends messages from the eye to the brain

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15
Q

What is the cornea function?

A

allows light rays enter the eye

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16
Q

What is the iris function?

A

Contrasts size of the pupil, helping regulate entry

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17
Q

What is the pupil function?

A

allows light to pass through the iris

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18
Q

What is the ciliary muscle function?

A

alters the thickness of the lens through contraction

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19
Q

What is the sclera function?

A

protects the delicate parts of the inside of the eye

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20
Q

What is the suspensory ligaments function?

A

hold the lens in position and alters its shape

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21
Q

What is the retinas function?

A

contains light sensitive cells

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22
Q

What is the blind spot function?

A

point at which optic nerve leaves the eye.

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23
Q

How is the temperature of the body monitored?

A

controlled by the thermoregulatory centre, skin has temperature receptors

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24
Q

What is the thermoregulatory centre?

A

contained in the hypothalamus in the brain, contains receptors sensitive to the temperature of the blood

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25
Q

How does the body respond if body temperature becomes too high?

A

Vasodilation, sweat production, which both transfer energy from skin to the environment, resulting in a cooling effect.

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26
Q

How does the body respond if the body temperature is too low?

A

Vasoconstriction, and shivering (involuntary contraction and relaxation of muscles which releases energy from glucose) starts

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27
Q

What happens to excess protein in a diet?

A

The excess amino acids produced from digesting proteins are transported to the liver from the small intestine

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28
Q

how does the kidneys function to maintain water balance in the body?

A

Producing urine. The urine is taken from the kidneys to the bladder by the ureters. The bladder stores the urine until it is convenient to expel it from the body.

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29
Q

2 ways kidney failure can be treated

A

Kidney dialysis (Medical treatment in which blood is removed from the body and filtered before being returned) or organ transplant

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30
Q

response of plants to light

A

phototropism

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31
Q

response of plants to gravity

A

geotropism

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32
Q

3 ways auxins are used in agriculture and horticulture

A

as weed killers.
as rooting powders.
for promoting growth in tissue culture.

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33
Q

role of ethene in plants

A

controls cell division during plant growth.

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34
Q

how is ethene used in the food industry?

A

to speed up the ripening process, after fruits have been transported

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35
Q

what can ethene cause in plants

A

shedding of leaves

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36
Q

role of gibberlins in plants

A

help the plants to grow taller

37
Q

3 ways gibberellins are used in agriculture and horticulture

A

end seed dormancy.
promote flowering.
increase fruit size.

38
Q

function of medulla

A

unconscious control; breathing, heart rate etc.

39
Q

function of cerebral cortex

A

essential functions; memory, learning, thinking etc.

40
Q

function of cerebellum

A

coordinating movement and balance

41
Q

function of pituitary gland

A

regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction through the hormones that it produces

42
Q

why is it difficult to investigate brain function?

A

Ethical issues, accidental and unremovable damage, high risk.

43
Q

why is it difficult to treat brain damage and disease?

A

The brain is delicate, complex, and not well understood

44
Q

techniques used to map some areas of the brain to their functions

A

by electrically stimulating areas of the brain (certain parts of the brain are stimulated and then the effect is observed) and MRI scans (monitor electrical activity during certain scenarios.)

45
Q

difference in pupil size in bright and dim light.

A

in bright light, circular muscles contract and radial muscles relax to make the pupil smaller. In dim light the opposite occurs, circular muscles relax and radial muscles contract in order to make the pupil wider and allow more light into the eye.

46
Q

name of process that changes shape of lens to focus on near/distant objects

A

accomadation

47
Q

to focus on near objects

A

the lens becomes thicker, this allows the light rays to refract (bend)

48
Q

to focus on distant objects

A

the lens is pulled thin, this allows the light rays to refract slightly.

49
Q

why are reflexes important?

A

minimise damage to the body from potentially harmful conditions

50
Q

which hormone is produced by the adrenal gland

A

adrenaline

51
Q

when is adrenaline produced?

A

in times of fear/stress

52
Q

how does the endocrine system produce a response to a stimulus

A

Endocrine glands make chemicals called hormones and pass them straight into the bloodstream

53
Q

where is thyroxide produced?

A

thyroid gland

54
Q

what is thyroxides function?

A

regulates metabolism and helps control the body’s energy production

55
Q

how is level of thyroxide controlled?

A

a feedback loop system that involves the hypothalamus in the brain and the pituitary and thyroid glands.

56
Q

what causes type 1 diabetes?

A

a disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin

57
Q

when does type 1 diabetes usually start

A

early age

58
Q

how is type 1 diabetes treated

A

insulin injection, pump.

59
Q

what causes type 2 diabetes?

A

the person’s body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas

60
Q

risk factors for people with type 2 diabetes?

A

inactivity, obesity, hertiage

61
Q

how is type 2 diabetes treated?

A

changing eating/exercising habits, cholestrol pills/medication

62
Q

what is the main reproductive hormone in females?

A

oestrogen

63
Q

what is ovulation

A

The egg is released due to high LH. Oestrogen increases the amount of LH, and decreases the amount of FSH. This causes the egg to be released from the follicle

64
Q

what is the main male reproductive hormone

A

testosterone

65
Q

what does testosterone do?

A

stimulates sperm production.

66
Q

role of FSH

A

stimulates oestrogen production and the growth of follicles (egg-sacs) in the ovary

67
Q

role of LH

A

stimulates the release of the egg

68
Q

role of oestrogen?

A

causes the development of the thick, spongy uterus lining

69
Q

role of progesterone?

A

maintains the uterus lining

70
Q

how do oral contraceptives work?

A

Contains both oestrogen and progesterone. By taking it every day, enough oestrogen builds up in the female body to inhibit the production of FSH so that no eggs mature.

71
Q

how do injection, implant or skin patch of progesterone work?

A

Contraceptive injections, implants or skin patches contain slow release progesterone to inhibit the maturation and release of eggs.

72
Q

how do barrier methods in contraception work?

A

physically stopping the sperm from fertilising the egg

73
Q

how do intrauterine devices in contraception work?

A

by stopping the implantation of the embryo into the womb by releasing copper

74
Q

how do spermicidal agents work?

A

kill sperm cells

75
Q

how does abstienence work as a contraceptive?

A

two people don’t have sex, sperm can’t fertilize an egg and there’s no possibility of pregnancy

76
Q

how do surgical methods work as a contraceptive?

A

the surgeon puts clips on the fallopian tubes to block the sperm and egg from meeting.

77
Q

how can artificial hormones be used to treat infertility?

A

FSH & LH are given to stimulate the growth of lots of eggs

78
Q

process of ivf

A

IVF involves giving a mother FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs. The eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised by sperm from the father in a dish in the laboratory. The fertilised eggs develop into embryos.

79
Q

3 disadvantage of ivf

A

emotionally stressful, possibility of multiple births, success rates aren’t very high

80
Q

3 advantage of ivf

A

It allows people to have babies of their own, . It has a safe track record and has been used since 1978. The embryos can be screened for genetic diseases

81
Q

What are the steps in the investigating human reaction times practical?

A

1.Hold a ruler vertically from one end. The test subject should have their thumb and finger either side of the ruler at the 0cm mark
2.Drop the ruler. The subject should try to catch it between their thumb and forefinger as quickly as possible
3.Record down the distance from the 0cm mark that the ruler travels before the subject catches it
4.Use a table to convert this distance into a reaction time
5. Repeat the experiment on a subject who has just had a coffee, or who has just done exercise.
6.Compare reaction times

82
Q

what is stage 1 menstruation cycle

A

days 1-4 The uterus lining breaks down, resulting in a ‘period’.

83
Q

what is stage 2 menstruation cycle

A

days 4-14 The uterus lining starts to build up again into a thick, spongy layer full of blood vessels.

84
Q

what is stage 3 menstruation cycle

A

day 14 Ovulation happens. This is when an egg is released from one of the ovaries.

85
Q

what is stage 4 menstruation cycle

A

day 15-28 The uterus lining is maintained, which means that it is now ready for the arrival of a fertilised egg (which will eventually grow into a baby). If no fertilised egg is attached to the uterus lining, the lining breaks down and the cycle begins again.

86
Q

what is the combined pill

A

both oestrogen/progesterone

87
Q

what is progesterone pill

A

produces thick mucus, difficult for sperm to penetrate, inhibits release fsh

88
Q
A

biology (10 decks)

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