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cell biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Animal and plant cells. They have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and a nucleus.

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Bacterial cells. They have a cell membrane, cell wall and a unenclosed genetic material. They may have smaller rings of DNA called plasmids, or tails called flagellum.

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3
Q

True or false: Eukaryotic cells are smaller than prokaryotic cells.

A

False, vice versa. Eukaryotic are measured in micrometres, prokaryotic are measured in nanometres.

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4
Q

What sub- cellular structures are found in animal cells?

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm and a cell membrane.

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5
Q

What sub- cellular structures are found in plant cells?

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, a cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, and a permanent vacuole.

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6
Q

What is the function of a nucleus?

A

Contains the genetic material.

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7
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Provides energy by carrying out respiration .

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8
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

To carry out proteinsynthesis.

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9
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Where most of the chemical reactions happen.

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10
Q

What is the function of a cell membrane?

A

Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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11
Q

What is the function of chloroplast?

A

Absorbs light for photosynthesis.

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12
Q

What is the function of a permanent vacuole?

A

Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid.

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13
Q

What is the function of a cellulose cell wall?

A

Gives strength to the cell and supports the plant.

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14
Q

What is the function of plasmids?

A

Additional genetic materials.

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15
Q

What is the function of a flagellum?

A

A tail that helps the cell to move around.

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16
Q

How is a sperm cell specialised to carry out its function?

A

Has a tail for swimming to the ovum, packed full of mitochondria to provide energy, sperm head (acrosome) contains enzymes to help break into the ovum.

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17
Q

How is a nerve cell specialised to carry out its function?

A

Long thin axon allows nerve impulses to travel along the cell as it makes its way to and from the brain. Has many dendrites to pass nerve impulses to nearby nerve cells.

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18
Q

How is a muscle cell specialised to carry out its function?

A

Contract and relax as part of a muscle tissue, for movement. Packed full of mitochondria for energy.

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19
Q

How is a ovum cell specialised to carry out its function?

A

The cytoplasm contains nutrients and many mitochondria to provide energy for mitosis and fertilisation. Has a special cell membrane which allows only one sperm cell to fertilise it.

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20
Q

How is a root hair cell specialised to carry out its function?

A

Take up water and mineral ions for the plant. Long thin hair to increase the surface area over which water can be absorbed.

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21
Q

How is a xylem cell specialised to carry out its function?

A

Transport water from the roots to the leaves, as a part of the tissue. Cells have no ends and are hollow to make a tube for water to move through. Lignin in the cell wall to waterproof the cell.

22
Q

How is a phloem cell specialised to carry out its function?

A

Transports sugars around the plant, as a tissue. Small holes in the end plates allow sugars to move through the cells.

23
Q

How is a ciliated epithelial cell specialised to carry out its function?

A

Found in lungs and oviducts. Has many cilia on the top surface of the cell- these help move mucus out of the lungs, or move an ovum toward the uterus.

24
Q

What does the type of cell that the stem cell becomes depend on?

A

The hormone or chemical it is exposed to.

25
Q

When can you find stem cells: a) embryo
b) mature animal c) mature plant ?

A

a) embryo.

26
Q

magnification= ?

A

size of image ÷ size of real object.

27
Q

What is the magnification of a light microscope?

A

X 1500.

28
Q

What is the resolution of a light microscope?

A

200nm.

29
Q

What is the magnification of an electron microscope?

A

X 500000

30
Q

What is the resolution of an electron microscope?

A

0.1nm

31
Q

Sub- cellular (a) can be seen with a (b) microscope.

A

(a) structures
(b) electron

32
Q

Bacteria reproduce by a process called (a). This is where the bacterium (b) its size and then divides into 2 (c).

A

(a) binary fission
(b) doubles
(c) daughter cells

33
Q

To prevent contamination, what aseptic techniques are used?

A

sterilising petri dishes/ culture media as an autoclave. sterilising inoculation loops by passing them through a flame/ dipping into alcohol. securing the lid of a petri dish with tape, not incubating bacterial cultures about 25 degrees celcius.

34
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A type of cell division.

35
Q

Changes such as (a) in the cell can cause uncontrolled cell division. This could lead to (b).

A

(a) mutations
(b) cancer

36
Q

During mitosis the (a) chromosomes line up in the centre of the (b). One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell, and the (c) to form 2 new (d). The cytoplasm and (e) then divide to form 2 identical daughter cells. This process is called (f).

A

(a) doubled
(b) cell
(c) nucleus
(d) nuclei
(e) cell membranes
(f) cytokinesis

37
Q

What is mitosis for?

A

Growth of multicellular organisms, repair or damaged tissues, replacement of cells, asexual reproduction.

38
Q

How are mammalian lungs specialised for diffusion?

A

Many small alveoli give the lungs a larger surface area. A good blood supply helps maintain a large concentration gradient.

39
Q

How are mammalian small intestines specialised for diffusion?

A

Villi and microvilli give a larger surface area. A good blood supply helps maintain a large concentration gradient.

40
Q

How are fish gills specialised for diffusion?

A

Have a large surface area.

41
Q

How are plant roots specialised for diffusion?

A

Root hair cells have long hairs that increase surface area.

42
Q

How are plant leaves specialised for diffusion?

A

Have large air spaces inside the leaf and many holes (stomata) on the underside of the leaf.

43
Q

If cells are in a (a) solution, water moves into the cells. This causes plant cells to (b) and become (c), and animal cells will burst.

A

(a) dilute
(b) swell
(c) turgid

44
Q

If cells are in a concentrated solution, water moves (a) of the cell. This causes plant cells to become (b) and (c), and animal cells to shrivel and (d)

A

(a) out
(b) flaccid
(c) plasmolysed
(d) crenate

45
Q

What can the amount of water intake by osmosis be measured by?

A

A Visking osmometer, or measuring the mass of plants before and after placing them in solutions.

46
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles against the concentration gradient.

47
Q

What does the waxy cuticle do?

A

Allows light to enter the cell.

48
Q

What does the upper epidermis do?

A

helps protect the leaf by aiding in preventing water loss

49
Q

What does the palisade mesophyll do?

A

most of the photosynthesis in the cell.

50
Q

What does the spongy mesophyll do?

A

gas exchange, thin layer of water for gases to dissolve in.

51
Q

What do the guard cells do?

A

allow gas exchange and controls water loss.

52
Q

What are the similarities/ differences between xylem and phloem tissues

A

xylem is made of dead cells, phloem is made of living cells. phloem have pores in their end walls, xylem cells do not. xylem is hollow, phloem has cytoplasm. xylem has lignin, phloem does not. both are made of cells. xylem transports mineral ions/ water phloem transports sugars. both transport liquids/ substances though the plant.

biology (10 decks)

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