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SEP Biology Weydon > Infection And Response. > Flashcards

Infection And Response. Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are communicable diseases

A

Diseases are spread from person to person by a pathogen

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2
Q

What a non-communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that cannot spread from person to person.

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3
Q

What is the term health

A

The state of physical and mental well-being

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4
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious disease they include bacteria, viruses, protists and fungi.

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5
Q

Why are bacteria dangerous?

A

When they enter the human body they reproduce rapidly.
The bacteria then release harmful toxins which will damage tissues and make people feel ill.

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6
Q

How do viruses reproduce

A

They can’t reproduce by themselves only in a host cell

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7
Q

How are pathogen spread?

A

Through the air, water and direct contact.

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8
Q

How can the spread of pathogens be prevented?

A

Three good hygiene, clean drinking water and preventing Direct sexual contact.

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9
Q

Unlike bacteria what can’t viruses be killed by?

A

Antibiotics.

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of measles

A

Fever and a red skin rash

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11
Q

What type of disease is measles

A

Viral

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12
Q

How are measles spread?

A

They are spread by droplets when an infected person coughs or sneeze.

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13
Q

How can measles be prevented

A

Vaccine

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14
Q

What type of disease is HIV

A

Virus

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV

A

Flu like illness

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16
Q

Why is the spread of HIV dangerous.

A

Overtime HIV can cause body damage to the immune system which leads the body to become so damaged it can’t fight off infection

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17
Q

What is the effect of a damaged immune system

A

The body is unable to fight off cancer cells

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18
Q

What infections are easily contractable with a damaged immune system

A

Cancer and tuberculosis

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19
Q

What is late stage HIV

A

the disease is fatal

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20
Q

What are antiretroviral drugs

A

Drugs that stop a virus from multiplying so the virus doesn’t damage the immune sysyem

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21
Q

How is HIV transmitted

A

Through exchange of fluids for example unprotected intercourse and shared needles

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22
Q

How is salmonella spread

A

Ingesting infected food, prepared in unhygienic conditions

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23
Q

What causes the symptoms of salmonella

A

The bacteria which secrete harmful toxins

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24
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella

A

Fever, abdominal pain, vomiting diarrhoea

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25
Q

How is the spread of salmonella controlled

A

All chicken in the UK vaccinated against salmonella

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26
Q

What type of diseases gonorrhoea

A

A sexually transmitted disease

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27
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

Thick yellow discharge and pain whilst urinating

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28
Q

How can the spread of gonorrhoea be prevented

A

Using a condom during sexual intercourse

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29
Q

What pathogen spread Malaria

A

Protist

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30
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria

A

Repeated bouts of fever and can be fatal

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31
Q

How is malaria caused

A

Bite from a mosquito that’s passed from the pathogen to another person

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32
Q

How can the spread of malaria be reduced

A

By reducing the breeding of mosquitoes
Using mosquito nets

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33
Q

What is the function of the non-specific defence system

A

Preventing pathogens from entering the body

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34
Q

How does the skin prevent pathogens from entering the body

A

The skin contains an outer layer of dead cells which makes it difficult for pathogens to penetrate.
The skin also produces sebum which kills bacteria

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35
Q

How does the nose prevent pathogens from entering the body

A

The nose contains hairs to trap pathogens

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36
Q

How are the trachea and bronchi adapted to prevent pathogens from entering the body

A

They are covered in tiny hairs called cilia which are covered in mucus to trap pathogens.
Then the mucus wafts upwards towards the throat where it is swallowed into the stomach.

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37
Q

How does the stomach prevent pathogens from entering the body

A

Contains hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens

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38
Q

What is the function of the immune system

A

To destroy pathogens and toxins and also to protect us in case the same type of pathogen invades us again in the future

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39
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

What blood cells detect chemicals and move towards it
Then the white blood cells ingest the pathogens
Then it uses enzymes to destroy the pathogen

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40
Q

What are antibodies

A

Protein molecules produced by white blood cells

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41
Q

How do antibodies destroy pathogens

A

Antibodies stick to pathogens and triggers and to be destroyed

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42
Q

How do antitoxins destroy pathogens

A

Antitoxin stick to toxin molecules and prevent them from damaging cells

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43
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus

A

A viral disease implants that causes leaves discolour and leave a mosaic pattern

44
Q

What is the effect of tobacco mosaic virus on a plant

A

It causes the rate photosynthesis to be reduced and causes reduce growth

45
Q

What is Rose black spot caused by

A

Fungi

46
Q

What does Rose black spot cause

A

Leaves to develop purple or black spots then the leaves turn yellow and fall off

47
Q

What is the effect of rose black spot

A

The rate of photosynthesis to reduce and growth decline

48
Q

How is Rose black spot spread

A

Water or wind

49
Q

How can Rose black spot be treated

A

Using fungicides
Removing infected leaves

50
Q

What is a vaccine

A

Introducing small quantities of dead or inactive pathogens into the body

51
Q

What’s the effect of a vaccine

A

White blood cells to be stimulated to produce antibodies against the dead pathogen
Furthermore it causes white blood cells to divide at an increased rate

52
Q

What is herd community

A

It’s one enough people are vaccinated that they protect the unvaccinated as no one around them can pass the pathogen

53
Q

What was the name of the first antibiotic

A

Penicillin

54
Q

What do antibiotics do

A

They kill bacteria without harming body cells

55
Q

What is antibiotic resistance

A

When antibiotics have been overused as the bacteria have evolved

56
Q

Can antibiotics kill viruses

A

No

57
Q

What are painkillers

A

Painkillers reduce the symptoms of a disease however they don’t kill pathogens

58
Q

Why is it difficult to develop drugs to kill viruses

A

It’s difficult to kill viruses without damaging the bodies tissues

59
Q

What is the function of the non specific defence system

A

Prevent pathogens from entering the body

60
Q

What is the outer layer of the skin consist of

A

Dead cells which makes it difficult for pathogens to penetrate

61
Q

What does the skin produce that kills bacteria

A

Produces Sebum

62
Q

What do hairs do

A

Trap pathogens

63
Q

What are trachea and bronchi covered in

A

Cilia which are covered in mucus which trap pathogens.
Then the cilia wafts the mucus towards the throat.

64
Q

What does the stomach contain to kill pathogens

A

Hydrochloric acid

65
Q

What is Phagocytosis

A

WBC destroy chemicals and move towards it.
Then the WBC ingest the pathogen.
Then uses enzymes to destroy the pathogens.

66
Q

How do antibodies destroy pathogens

A

AB’s stick to pathogens and triggers them to be destroyed.

67
Q

How do antitoxins destroy pathogens

A

They stick to toxin molecules and prevent them from damaging cells

68
Q

What does TMV cause

A

It causes leaves to discolour and leave a mosaic pattern.
This causes the rate of photosynthesis to reduce and reduces growth

69
Q

What is rose black spot

A

Fungal infection causing leaves to develop purple or black spots.
Then the leaves fall off.
It causes reduced growth and rate of photosynthesis

70
Q

What is RBS spread by

A

Wind and water

71
Q

How can RBS be treated

A

Fungicides and removing infected leaves

72
Q

What is a vaccination

A

Small quantities of dead or inactive pathogens

73
Q

What does a vaccination produce

A

WBC’s produce antibodies against the dead pathogen

74
Q

What is herd immunity

A

When a large percentage of the population are vaccinated so unvaccinated people are protected as no one can spread the pathogen

75
Q

What was the name of the first antibiotic discovered

A

Penicillin in the 1940s

76
Q

What do antibiotics do

A

Kill bacteria without harming body cells

77
Q

What is antibiotic resistance

A

When an antibiotic has been overused causing evolved bacteria strains

78
Q

What do painkillers do

A

Treat symptoms of disease by relieving pain but they don’t kill pathogens

79
Q

What tree extracted the drug digitalis

A

The foxglove

80
Q

What extracted aspirin

A

Willow trees

81
Q

State an example of where drugss can be extracted from microorganisms

A

Fleming discovered penicillin from penicillin mould

82
Q

What is the first step for testing a drug

A

Testing for toxicity

83
Q

What’s the second step for testing for a drug

A

Efficacy

84
Q

What’s the third step for testing for a drug

A

Dosage

85
Q

What is preclinical testing

A

Testing on cells tissues and animals

86
Q

What is clinical testing

A

Testing on humans

87
Q

What is the first stage of clinical testing

A

Testing very low dosages to healthy volunteers

88
Q

What’s the second stage of clinical testing

A

Testing on infected volunteers

89
Q

What’s a placebo

A

A tablet or injection with no active drug

90
Q

What’s a double blind trial

A

Where the volunteers are split in two
One group receives a drug whereas the second group is given a dummy drug

91
Q

What are antibodies produced by

A

White blood cells called lymphocytes

92
Q

What do lymphocytes produce

A

Antibodies against any foreign invader

93
Q

What is the six mark process of making monoclonal antibodies

A
  1. Inject an antigen into a mouse
  2. The mouse should now naturally produced lymphocytes
  3. The antibodies produced should be specific to the antigen
  4. Remove spleen cells containing lymphocytes
  5. Fuse spleen cells with myeloma cells to form a hybridoma cell
    6. Hybridoma cells produce millions of monoclonal antibodies specific to the original antigen
94
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies

A

Antibodies which are specific to a single binding site on one protein antigen

95
Q

What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies

A

Pregnancy testing
In labs
To locate
Testing diseases

96
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy testing

A

Monoclonal antibodies target specific hormone which is produced by the Placenta

97
Q

How monoclonal antibodies used for testing diseases

A

Monoclonal antibodies can be used to be specific to cancer cells
This is because radioactive substances can attach to the antibody which stops the cancer cells from binding

98
Q

What do aphids do to plants

A

The extract sugars from the plant stunting it’s Growth

99
Q

What is the symptoms of plant infection

A

Discolouration
Stunted growth


100
Q

What are the three ways of identifying plant disease

A

Using a garden manual
Taking a plant to a lab to identify the pathogen
Testing kits containing monoclonal antibodies

101
Q

What is the effect of a nitrate ion deficiency

A

Nitrates are required to make amino acids which make proteins, therefore there is reduced growth by nitrate deficiencies

102
Q

What is the effect of a magnesium deficiency on plants

A

It causes chlorosis as magnesium is essential for making chlorophyll, therefore less sunlight is absorbed so less growth

103
Q

What are physical plant defence responses

A

Cell wall waxy cuticle and bark

104
Q

What are chemical plant defence responses

A

Producing poisons as they deter herbivores from grazing on the plant

105
Q

What are mechanical plant defence responses

A

Thorns drooping leaves and mimicking

106
Q

How can Monoclonal antibodies be used for the treatment of cancer

A

Bound MABs to a radioactive substance or toxic drug to stop cells dividing and growing
Delivers substance to cancer cells without harming other cells in the body

SEP Biology Weydon (11 decks)

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