Animal tissues, organs and organ systems

Question 1

What is a tissue?

Answer 1

A group of cells with similar structure and function.

Question 2

What is an organ?

Answer 2

A group of tissues working together for a specific function.

Question 3

What is an organ system?

Answer 3

A group of organs which work together to form organisms.

Question 4

What are Villi?

Answer 4

Cells in the lining of the small intestine which absorb products of digestion into the bloodstream.

Question 5

How are Villi adapted for absorption?

Answer 5

They have a large surface area as they contain microvilli.

Question 6

Why do Villi provide a fast rate of reaction?

Answer 6

The microvilli have capillaries which allow for a fast rate of diffusion.

Question 7

What are enzymes?

Answer 7

Biological catalysts which increase the rate of chemical reactions.

Question 8

How are enzymes specific?

Answer 8

Only one substrate can fit perfectly into the active site.

Question 9

What enzyme is protein broken down by?

Answer 9

Protease.

Question 10

What are proteins broken down into?

Answer 10

Individual amino acids.

Question 11

where is protease produced?

Answer 11

Stomach, pancreas and small intestine.

Question 12

What is starch broken down by?

Answer 12

Amylase.

Question 13

What are carbohydrates broken down by?

Answer 13

Carbohydrases.

Question 14

What are carbohydrates and starch broken down into?

Answer 14

Simple sugars.

Question 15

Where is amylase produced?

Answer 15

The salivary glands and pancreas.

Question 16

What are lipids broken down by?

Answer 16

Lipase.

Question 17

What are the products of the digestion of lipids?

Answer 17

Fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 18

Where is lipase produced?

Answer 18

Small intestine and pancreas.

Question 19

Where is bile produced and stored?

Answer 19

Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.

Question 20

What is biles function?

Answer 20

It’s function is to emulsify lipids into smaller droplets.
Neutralise stomach acid

Question 21

Why is being bile alkaline important for digestion?

Answer 21

To neutralise the stomach acid, creating neutral conditions in the small intestine.

Question 22

What are the two factors affecting enzymes?

Answer 22

Temperature and pH.

Question 23

How does temperature affect enzymes.

Answer 23

As temperature increases the ROR increases until 40 degrees Celsius where the enzymes begin to denature as the active site changes.

Question 24

How does pH affect enzymes?

Answer 24

Different enzymes work at different pH levels, a change in pH can cause the enzymes to stop working all together.

Question 25

What are the four components of the blood?

Answer 25

Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets.

Question 26

What is the function of plasma?

Answer 26

Transport nutrients and all of the blood and some waste.

Question 27

What waste does plasma carry?

Answer 27

Carbon dioxide to the lungs, Urea which is transported to the kidneys.

Question 28

What is the function of red blood cells?

Answer 28

Transport oxygen to all living cells.

Question 29

What are the adaptations of red blood cells?

Answer 29

- Biconcave discs which increase the surface area for diffusion. - Packed with haemoglobin which binds to oxygen. - No nucleus which increases the volume of oxygen.

Question 30

What is the function of the white blood cells?

Answer 30

Protect the body against infection.

Question 31

What is the function of platelets?

Answer 31

Begin the process of clotting blood.

Question 32

Is the blood from the heart to organs oxygenated or deoxygenated?

Answer 32

Oxygenated

Question 33

Is the blood from the heart to lungs oxygenated or deoxygenated?

Answer 33

Deoxygenated.

Question 34

What is the function of the vena cava?

Answer 34

Transport deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.

Question 35

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

Answer 35

Transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

Question 36

What is the function of the Pulmonary vein?

Answer 36

Transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

Question 37

What is the function of the aorta

Answer 37

Transport oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

Question 38

Why does the left side of the heart have a thick muscular wall

Answer 38

Because of the high pressure of blood in the left ventricle

Question 39

What controls the resting heart rate

Answer 39

The pacemaker cells in the right atrium

Question 40

What can be used if the pacemaker cells don’t work?

Answer 40

A artificial pacemaker may be diagnosed to be implanted to correct Irregularities in the heart

Question 41

What adaptation of the artery helps to keep blood pressure high?

Answer 41

Small lumen

Question 42

What’s the purpose of an artery having a thick muscular wall?

Answer 42

Allows for a high pressure of blood to be withstood

Question 43

What is the function of the vein

Answer 43

Transport low-pressure deoxygenated blood to the heart

Question 44

What are the adaptations of the vein to prevent the backflow of blood

Answer 44

Valves

Question 45

What is the function of the capillaries

Answer 45

Capillaries allow for the easy diffusion of substances such as glucose and oxygen for the blood to the cells

Question 46

What is an adaptation of the capillaries

Answer 46

One cell thick walls for easier diffusion

Question 47

What are cardiovascular diseases

Answer 47

Diseases of the heart and the blood vessels

Question 48

What are the coronary arteries

Answer 48

Arteries That branch out of the aorta and spread out into the heart muscle

Question 49

What is the function of the coronary arteries

Answer 49

They provide oxygen to the muscle cells of the heart

Question 50

What is coronary heart disease and what does it cause?

Answer 50

When fatty material builds up inside the coronary arteries which causes the arteries to narrow this reduces blood flow and can cause a heart attack

Question 51

What are statins and how can they be used to prevent coronary heart disease?

Answer 51

Drugs that can reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood

Question 52

What is the disadvantages of using statins

Answer 52

Statins can cause unwanted side-effects examples liver problems

Question 53

What is a stent

Answer 53

A stent is a metal tube that come inside into the artery to keep it open and provide normal blood flow

Question 54

What can be used for faulty valves

Answer 54

- Mechanical valves can be used which are metal and last for life however they increase the risk of blood clots - animal valves can be used however they may not last as long but drugs don’t need to be taken.

Question 55

What is heart failure

Answer 55

When the heart can’t pump enough blood around the body

Question 56

How can heart failure be treated

Answer 56

A heart transplant can be used however requires a long waiting list and risk of organ rejection

Question 57

How is the trachea adapted for inhalation

Answer 57

It contains rings of cartilage which prevent collapsion

Question 58

What are alveoli and how they adapted for gas exchange in the lungs

Answer 58

Alveoli are air sacs in the lungs they are were gases diffuse in and out of the bloodstream

Question 59

What is a tumour?

Answer 59

Uncontrollable growth of cells

Question 60

What are benign tumours

Answer 60

Growth of abnormal cells in one area

Question 61

What are malignant cells

Answer 61

Cells that invade neighbouring tissues and move into the bloodstream

Question 62

What happens when malignant cells go into the bloodstream

Answer 62

The malignant cells spread to different parts of the body and form a secondary tumour

Question 63

What’s the main difference between benign tumours and malignant tumours

Answer 63

Malignant tumours form in different parts of the body

Question 64

How can the risk of cancers be increased

Answer 64

Through genetics and also through lifestyle choices and also the environment