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SEP Biology Weydon > B6- Inheritance, Variation and Evolution (P2) > Flashcards

B6- Inheritance, Variation and Evolution (P2) Flashcards

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1
Q

How many chromosomes do human gametes have

A

23

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2
Q

What type of cell division are gametes made from

A

Meiosis

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3
Q

What’s the result of cell division by meiosis

A

Non-identical cells

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4
Q

What are the gametes in flowering plants

A

Pollen and egg cells

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5
Q

What type of reproduction do animals and plants carry out

A

Sexual reproduction

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6
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

The fusion of male and female gametes and also involving the mixing of genetic information

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7
Q

What does sexual reproduction allow

A

Variation in the offspring

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8
Q

Describe asexual reproduction

A

There is one parent so no mixing of genetic information therefore offspring are genetically identical

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9
Q

Where does meiosis take place

A

Reproductive organs

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10
Q

What is the reproductive organs in a male

A

Testes

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11
Q

What is the reproductive organ in a female

A

Ovaries

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12
Q

What’s the first stage of meiosis

A

All of the chromosomes are copied

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13
Q

What’s the second stage of meiosis 

A

The cell divides into two

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14
Q

What’s the third stage of meiosis

A

Both cells produce divide once more to produce gametes

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15
Q

After fertilisation how many chromosomes does the embryo have

A

46

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16
Q

How does an embryo divide

A

By mitosis

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17
Q

Why does an embryo divide by mitosis

A

To produce identical cells

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18
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction

A

There’s a survival advantage by natural selection
Greater chance of survival in challenging conditions

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19
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction

A

Only one parent needed
Energy and time efficient
Faster
Useful in favourable conditions

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20
Q

What is the disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

Risk offspring may die in conditions that become unfavourable 

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21
Q

What type of reproduction does the malaria parasite allow

A

Sexual and asexual reproduction

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22
Q

What type of reproduction does malaria parasite do in the human host

A

Asexual reproduction

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23
Q

Where does the malaria parasite use sexual reproduction

A

In the mosquito

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24
Q

How do fungi reproduce asexually

A

By producing spores

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25
Q

Why do plants reproduce sexually

A

To produce seeds

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26
Q

How do plants reproduce asexually

A

Sending out runners

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27
Q

How do daffodils reproduce asexually

A

Through bulb division

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28
Q

What’s the structure of DNA

A

A polymer of molecules called nucleotides

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29
Q

How many structures do nucleotides have

A

Three main structures

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30
Q

What are the three main structures of nucleotides

A

A phosphate group, sugar molecule and base

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31
Q

Which of the three Structures of nucleotides change

A

The base

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32
Q

How many possible bases are there

A

Four

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33
Q

What’s the names of the four bases

A

A,C,G,T

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34
Q

Why are DNA strands complimentary

A

The same bases always pair on the opposite strands

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35
Q

The base C is always linked with what other base 

A

G

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36
Q

What is T linked with

A

A

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37
Q

How is the shape and function of a protein determined

A

By the order of amino acids

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38
Q

What determines the order of amino acids in a protein

A

The sequence of bases in the gene that code for the protein

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39
Q

What stage one of protein synthesis called

A

Transcription

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40
Q

Describe stage one of protein synthesis

A

The base sequence of the gene is copied into a complimentary template molecule called mRNA

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41
Q

What is stage two of protein synthesis called

A

Translation

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42
Q

Describe stage two of protein synthesis

A

The mRNA molecule attaches to a ribosome.
Amino acids are brought to the ribosome on carrier molecules.
The ribosome now reads the triplet of bases on the mRNA to join to gather correct amino acids in the right order.

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43
Q

What is a mutation

A

A change to a base

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44
Q

What changes the shape of a protein

A

If a mutation alters the amino acids

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45
Q

What happens if a mutation changes the shape of a structural protein

A

The protein may lose strength

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46
Q

What are alleles

A

Versions of a gene

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47
Q

What is genotype

A

The alleles present of a person

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48
Q

What is phenotype

A

The characteristics caused by alleles

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49
Q

What is homozygous

A

Two of the same alleles

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50
Q

What is heterozygous

A

Two different alleles

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51
Q

What is the dominant allele

A

Are you that will show in phenotype even if one copy is present

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52
Q

What is the Recessive allele

A

When both alleles are needed to show the phenotype

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53
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

The disorder of cell membranes

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54
Q

Is cystic fibrosis recessive or dominant

A

Recessive

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55
Q

What is polydactyly

A

An inherited disorder which causes extra toes or fingers

56
Q

Is polydactyly caused by a dominant or recessive allele

A

Dominant

57
Q

What is embryo screening

A

When embryos are tested to see if they have the alleles for inherited disorders

58
Q

What’s the issues around embryo screening 

A

-expensive
-Large number of embryos are created but only a small number used
-People can choose desirable features which is unethical

59
Q

What are family trees

A

They share the genetic history of a family history by showing the phenotype

60
Q

What chromosome is the male sex chromosome

A

XY

61
Q

What is a female sex chromosome

A

XX

62
Q

What characteristic have dogs been selectively bred for

A

Gentle nature

63
Q

What characteristic have food crops Been selectively bred for

A

To have disease resistance

64
Q

What characteristic have cows been selectively bred for

A

To produce more milk and meat

65
Q

What characteristic have plants been selectively bred for

A

A larger flower

66
Q

What is the first step in selective breeding

A

From a mixed population of species select the males and females who have the desired trait

67
Q

What is step two in selective breeding

A

Breed the male and female together to produce offspring

68
Q

What’s the third step in selective breeding

A

Select the offspring that carry the desired trait and breed them together

69
Q

What is step four in selective breading

A

Continue breeding offspring for generations until all the offspring carry the desired trait

70
Q

What are the disadvantages of selective breeding

A

Breeding close relatives can result in inbreeding which can cause breeds to be prone to disease or inherited defects

71
Q

What is genetic engineering

A

When genes of an organism are cut out and transferred to a cell of a different organism

72
Q

What can genetically modified crops produce

A

Higher yield
Resistance to disease
Resistance to insect attacks
Resistance to herbicides
Produce bigger or better food

73
Q

What is step one in genetic engineering

A

Identify the gene you want to transfer

74
Q

What is STEP2 in genetic engineering

A

Use enzymes to isolate the gene

75
Q

What is step three in genetic engineering

A

Transfer the gene into a small circle of DNA called a plasmid

76
Q

What is step 4 in genetic engineering

A

Transfer the desired gene into the cells of the target organism

77
Q

Why does the transfer of the gene have to occur at an early stage

A

To make sure all the cells receive the transferred gene

78
Q

How do you take cuttings for plant cloning

A

Remove a small piece of the plant and dip the end in rooting powder

79
Q

What’s the purpose of using rooting powder when taking cuttings

A

It contains plant hormones which encourages the plant to develop roots 

80
Q

What’s the stages for tissue culture

A

Take a plant you want to clone and divide it into hundreds of tiny pieces
Incubate the cells with plant hormones to stimulate growth

81
Q

What must the conditions be for tissue culture

A

Sterile 

82
Q

What is tissue culture useful for

A

Cloning hundreds of plants
To preserve rare species of plants

83
Q

What’s the first stage in embryo transplant

A

Select the sperm and egg cells from the animals with the desired characteristics

84
Q

What is a step two in cloning by embryo transplant

A

Allow for fertilisation to take place to produce an early stage embryo

85
Q

What is stage three in cloning by embryo transplant

A

Use a glass rod to split the embryos into two

86
Q

What is stage four in cloning by embryo transplant

A

Transplant the embryos into the hosts mother

87
Q

What is stage five in embryo transplant cloning

A

The embryos will develop into two identical offspring

88
Q

What is the disadvantage of embryo transplant

A

There will be variation in the offspring so the desired characteristics may not appear in the offspring 

89
Q

What is the advantage of adult cell cloning

A

It allows for the characteristics desired to be produced

90
Q

What is stage one in adult cell cleaning

A

Remove the cell that you want to clone

91
Q

What is stage two in adult cell cloning

A

Remove the nucleus from the cell

92
Q

What is stage three in adult cell cloning

A

Take an unfertilised egg cell from the same species and remove the nucleus

93
Q

What is stage four in adult cell cloning

A

Insert nucleus from original cell into the egg cell

94
Q

What is stage five in adult cell cloning

A

Give the egg cell an electric shock so it divides to form an embryo

95
Q

What is stage six in adult cell cloning

A

Insert embryo into the womb of an adult female

96
Q

How did Darwin develop his theory of evolution (s)

A

Through many years of experimentation

97
Q

How are organisms more likely to breed successfully (s)

A

Through having characteristics that are more suited to the environment and which allow them to survive

98
Q

What was the name of Darwin’s book and when was it published (s)

A

Darwin published ‘on the origin of species’ in 1859

99
Q

Why was Darwins theory controversial (s)

A

Because many people believed God created everything on the Earth and Darwin’s theory challenged this

100
Q

What did Lamarck suggest (s)

A

When the characteristic is regularly used it becomes more developed. The strength and characteristic is then passed onto The Offspring

101
Q

Why was Lamarcks theory incorrect (s)

A

Because changes to a characteristic in an organisms lifetime cannot be inherited

102
Q

Which two scientists proposed a similar theory of speciation together in 1858 (s)

A

Darwin and Wallace

103
Q

What is speciation (s)

A

The process of how new species form

104
Q

What is the first stage of speciation (s)

A

A geographical barrier splits the population of a species into two

105
Q

What is stage two of speciation (s)

A

The barrier prevents interbreeding between the two populations

106
Q

What is stage three of speciation (s)

A

Overtime, natural selection will favour different alleles between the two populations

107
Q

What is stage four of speciation (s)

A

Any mutations that occur cannot spread between the two populations because the two populations don’t interbreed

108
Q

What is stage five of speciation (s)

A

The mutations causes the species to change

109
Q

What is stage six of speciation (s)

A

If the population mix again any breeding That occurs between the two populations will cause infertile offspring because they are two different species

110
Q

What does speciation require (s)

A

A geographical barrier

111
Q

Who is the cause of our understanding of genetics (s)

A

Gregor Mendel

112
Q

What did Mandel carry out experiments on (s)

A

The breeding of pea plants in the 1800s

113
Q

In the 1800s what was the general idea around inheritance of characteristics amongst scientists (s)

A

Many scientists believe characteristics were blended when they were inherited

114
Q

What were Mendel’s discoveries (s)

A

Characteristics were determined by inherited units and that they could be masked and then reappear in later generations

115
Q

What are fossils 

A

The remains of organisms from millions of years ago which are found in rocks

116
Q

What’s the first way fossils can be formed

A

When parts of organisms have not decayed this happens when conditions needed for decay are absent

117
Q

What is the second way fossils can be formed

A

When an organism is slowly replaced by minerals during the decay process

118
Q

What’s the third way fossils can be formed 

A

Fossils can be the preserved traces of organisms for example footprints

119
Q

Why is it difficult to trace back early life

A

Many early life organisms were softbodied meaning they didn’t contain a skeleton or shell. This has caused the fossils to have been destroyed by the earths crust

120
Q

What is the reasons why species have become extinct

A

Catastrophic events
Environment changes
New diseases
New predators
The evolution of more successful species

121
Q

In ideal conditions how long does it take for bacteria to reproduce

A

Every 30 minutes

122
Q

What does the fast rate of reproduction allow bacteria to do

A

Evolve rapidly

123
Q

Why are some strains of bacteria no longer killed by antibiotics

A

Because bacteria have evolved and some are now antibiotic resistant

124
Q

What is a common strain of antibiotic resistant bacteria

A

MRSA

125
Q

What is the first stage of antibiotic resistance

A

Antibiotic resistant bacteria occur due to mutation

126
Q

What is stage 2 of antibiotic resistance

A

Antibiotics used to kill bacteria will not kill the resistant bacterium

127
Q

What is stage 3 in antibiotic resistance

A

This allows for the antibiotic resistant strain to survive and reproduce without any competition

128
Q

How can antibiotic resistant bacteria decrease

A
  • antibiotics shouldn’t be prescribed inappropriately
  • Patients should complete their full course of antibiotics
  • Reduce use of antibiotics in farming
129
Q

Who began to classify species into categories based on structure and characteristics

A

Carl Linnaeus in the 1700s

130
Q

What did Linneaus divide all living organisms into

A

Two kingdoms : Plant and animal kingdom

131
Q

What were the smaller categories Lennaeus divided each kingdoms into

A

Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species

132
Q

How is an organism named

A

By their Genus then species

133
Q

What is the name of the system of how organisms are named

A

The binomial system

134
Q

Who came up with the ‘three domain’ system

A

Carl Woese

135
Q

What does the three domains system include

A

Archae
True bacteria
Eukaryota

136
Q

What shows the relations between organisms

A

Evolutionary trees

137
Q

What do evolutionary trees show

A

Common ancestors

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