Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SEP Biology Weydon > B5 - Homeostasis (P2) > Flashcards

B5 - Homeostasis (P2) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The regulation of internal conditions of a cell organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What systems does homeostasis consist of

A

Automatic control systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the features of an automatic control system

A
  • Receptor cells
  • Coordination Centre
  • Effectors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the role of receptor cells

A

Detect a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What’s the role of the coordination centre

A

Receive and process information from receptor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What’s the role of effectors

A

Muscle or glands which carry out a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the nervous system consist of

A
  • The central nervous system (CNS)
  • Other nerves which run to and from the central nervous system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the CNS consist of

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is stage one of the reflex arc

A

A stimulus is detected by a receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is stage two of the reflex arc

A

Electrical impulses pass from the receptor along a sensory neurone to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is stage three of the reflex arc

A

A chemical is released by the synapse which diffuses across the relay neurone in the CNS where it triggers an electrical impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is stage four of the reflex arc

A

Electrical impulses pass across the relay neurone where a synapse releases chemicals which triggers an electrical impulse in a motor neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is stage five on the reflex arc

A

The impulse passes down the motor neurone to an effector to create a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What’s the features of reflexes

A

Fast and automatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why are reflexes rapid and automatic

A

To protect against danger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

A system composed of glands which secrete hormones directly in the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What’s the role of the brain

A

Control complex behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

 What’s the function of the cerebral cortex

A

Conscious thought for example language and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A

Control temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of the medulla

A

Controls subconscious movements for example heart rate and breathing rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

Control coordination, movement and balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What’s the function of the iris

A

Control how much light enters the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of the cornea and lens

A

Refract light to focus on the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What’s the function of the optic nerve

A

Carry impulses between the eye and the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which gland produces insulin

A

Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which gland produces adrenaline

A

Adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which gland produces testosterone

A

Testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What hormone does the ovaries produce

A

Oestrogen 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is accommodation

A

The ability to change the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where does the majority of the focussing occur

A

The cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What type of focus does the cornea have

A

A fixed focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the function of the lens

A

To see near or distant objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How is the lens adapted to its function

A

It can change its shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the lens surrounded by to change its shape

A

Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscles

A

Change the thickness of the lens by contracting or relaxing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What happens when the ciliary muscles contract

A

The suspensory ligament lengthen which makes the lens more thicker and refracts light more strongly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What happens when the ciliary muscles relax

A

The suspensory ligaments are pulled tight which causes the lens to only slightly refract light rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How much focus does light from distant objects require 

A

Little amount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How much focus does light from near objects require

A

Large amount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What happens when the Eye is focused on distant objects

A

The ciliary muscles relax and the suspensory ligament are pulled 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What happens when the eye wants to focus on near objects

A

The ciliary muscles contract which causes suspensory ligaments to loosen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is long sightedness known as

A

Hyperopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What can longsighted people not do

A

Focus on nearby objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Why can’t longsighted people focus on nearby objects

A

The light rays focus behind the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How can longsightedness be treated

A

Glasses with convex lenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is shortsightedness known as

A

Myopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What can shortsighted people not do

A

Focus on distant objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Why can short sighted people not focus on distant objects

A

The light is focused in front of the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How is shortsightedness treated

A

With concave lenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What can long and shortsightedness also be treated with

A

Contact lenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What does laser surgery do

A

Change the shape of the cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is normal body temperature

A

37°C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Where is body temperature controlled

A

The thermoregulatory centre in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What does the thermoregulator centre contain

A

Receptors which are sensitive to the temperature of the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

How does the skin monitor temperature

A

It contains temperature receptors which send electrical impulses down sensory neurons to the thermoregulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How does the body react when the temperature is too high 

A

Sweating and flushing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

How does sweating reduce temperature

A

Sweat glands release sweat onto the surface of the skin
When the sweat evaporates it cools the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How does flushing reduce temperature

A

Vasodilation occurs
Which is when blood vessels supplying the capillaries dilate (get wider)

59
Q

How does the body react when the temperature is to low


A

Vasoconstriction and shivering

60
Q

How does vasoconstriction increase temperature

A

Blood vessels on the surface of the skin get narrower which decreases blood flow through the capillaries so heat is lost

61
Q

How does shivering increase temperature

A

Skeletal muscles contract by increasing the rate of respiration to generate energy which releases heat

62
Q

What is the role of the endocrine system

A

Secrete hormones into the bloodstream

63
Q

What is the role of the hormones that the thyroid gland produce

A

Hormones that are involved in growth and regulating the bodies basil metabolic rate

64
Q

When and what does the adrenal gland produce

A

Adrenaline which is produced in times of fear or stress

65
Q

What is the pituitary gland

A

The master gland which released a number of different hormones

66
Q

What is blood glucose concentration monitored by

A

Pancreas

67
Q

When is insulin produced

A

When the blood glucose levels are high usually after a carbohydrate rich meal

68
Q

What does insulin trigger

A

Body cells to take up glucose from the blood
Liver muscle cells to store excess glucose as glycogen

69
Q

When glucose is taken up by the blood what happens to blood glucose levels

A

They return to normal

70
Q

What is type one diabetes

A

When the pancreas does not produce enough insulin

71
Q

How can someone with type one diabetes maintain normal blood glucose levels

A

They inject themselves with insulin

72
Q

What is type two diabetes

A

When the body cells stopped responding to insulin produced by the pancreas

73
Q

How can type two diabetes be monitored

A

With a diet containing a controlled level of carbohydrates
Regular exercise

74
Q

What does the body do when the blood glucose levels are too low

A

The pancreas releases glucagon

75
Q

What does glucagon trigger

A

Liver cells to convert glucagon stores back to glucose

76
Q

What are the three ways the body uses water

A

Exhalation
sweating
Used by the kidneys in urine

77
Q

What does the body do if the blood is too dilute

A

The kidneys remove excess water

78
Q

What does urine contain 

A

Excess water, urea and excess ions

79
Q

What does the blood enter the kidney through

A

The renal artery

80
Q

When the blood enters the kidney what does it contain

A

Urea

81
Q

What does the kidney do the blood

A

Remove the urea as well as excess water and excess mineral ions

82
Q

Where are the waste products from the kidneys stored

A

The bladder

83
Q

What percent of urea reabsorbed into the blood

A

Zero

84
Q

What is deamination 

A

When the liver breaks down excess amino acids and produce the chemical ammonia

85
Q

What does the liver convert ammonia into

A

Urea

86
Q

What does the body do when the blood is too concentrated

A

The pituitary gland releases ADH into bloodstream

87
Q

When ADH enters the kidneys what does it cause

A

The kidney tubules become more permeable to water

88
Q

What do permeable tubules allow

A

More water to be reabsorbed into the blood so less urine is produced

89
Q

What is the effect of less urine being produced

A

The amount of water in the blood to increase to normal levels so ADH is not produced anymore

90
Q

What cycle is the maintaining of the bodies water balance a part of

A

Negative feedback cycle

91
Q

What happens when the blood is too dilute

A

The kidneys absorb less water into the blood which causes more urine to be produced 

92
Q

What happens when the kidneys fail

A

The levels of water ions and urea need to be adjusted using a dialysis machine 

93
Q

What’s the steps of kidney dialysis

A

-The patient’s blood passes over a semipermeable membrane which allows urea, ions and some water through but won’t allow large molecules through
- The other side of the membrane contains normal concentrations of water and ions
- This causes a concentration gradient which allows urea to diffuse from the blood into the dialysis fluid which causes the concentrations of water and ions in the blood to return to normal

94
Q

What happened during a kidney transplant

A

The kidney is replaced with a healthy kidney from a donor

95
Q

What’s the disadvantages of dialysis

A

Requires frequent treatments
Requires a controlled diet
Expensive in the long term

96
Q

What are the advantages of kidney transplant

A

It allows patients to lead a normal life


97
Q

What’s the disadvantages of kidney transplant

A

Shortage of kidney donors
Expensive initially
Patients have to take antirejection drugs for the rest of their life

98
Q

What hormone does the testes produce

A

Testosterone

99
Q

during puberty, what do the reproductive hormones cause

A

the development of secondary sexual characteristics

100
Q

What does testosterone stimulate

A

The production of sperm in the testes

101
Q

What do the ovaries produce

A

oestrogen and progesterone

102
Q

As puberty begins what happens in females

A

Eggs in the ovaries start to mature

103
Q

What is the release of an egg every 28 days a part of

A

The menstrual cycle

104
Q

How does the uterus prepare for ovulation

A

The lining becomes thick

105
Q

If sperm is present in the uterus what will occur

A

The egg will fertilise and implant into the uterus wall and develop into a foetus

106
Q

What will happen if the egg is not fertilized

A

The egg and the uterus lining are released - the period

107
Q

What does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) do

A

It causes an egg to mature in the ovary

108
Q

What is the function of Luteinising hormone (LH)

A

Ovulation - An egg to be released

109
Q

What is the role of oestrogen and progesterone

A

Maintaining the lining of the uterus, incase the egg implants

110
Q

Describe the menstrual cycle

A

FSH is released by the pituitary gland into the blood to the ovaries where it causes an egg to mature. At the same time, FSH triggers the ovaries to make oestrogen. The pituitary gland then releases LH. Once the ovary releases the egg , the ovary produces progesterone

111
Q

What are oral contraceptives

A

Contraceptives which contain hormones that stop the body from producing FSH which prevents the egg from maturing

112
Q

What are the advantages of oral contraceptives such as the pill

A

They are highly effective

113
Q

What are the disadvantages of oral contraceptives

A

They have potential side effects e.g. blood clots and breast cancer

114
Q

What do implants, skin patches, and injections contain

A

Progesterone therefore it prevents the eggs from maturing.

115
Q

What are the advantages of implants, skin patches and injections

A

They are convenient

116
Q

What are the disadvantages of oral contraception and patches etc

A

They don’t protect against STIs

117
Q

What is the role of barrier methods

A

Prevent the sperm from reaching the egg

118
Q

What are the advantages of barrier methods

A

Effective and have no side effects

119
Q

What are the disadvantages of condoms

A

They may easily break or slip off

120
Q

What do IUDs do

A

Prevent an embryo from inplanting

121
Q

How long can IUDs be used for

A

Up to 10 years

122
Q

What do surgical forms of contraception do

A

Prevent the sperm from leaving the penis

123
Q

What do fertility drugs contain

A

FSH and LH

124
Q

Describe IVF

A

The mother is treated with a fertility drug, and the eggs from the mother are collected and fertilized with sperm in a laboratory.
The eggs develop into embryos after fertilisation and implanted into the mother

125
Q

What are the problems of IVF

A
  • Ethical issue ( Destroying some embryos)
  • Low success rates
  • Can lead to multiple births
  • Expensive
126
Q

Where are the adrenal glands

A

Sat on top of the kidneys

127
Q

When is adrenaline produced

A

In times of fear or stress

128
Q

What does adrenaline do

A

Increase heart rate because more oxygen and glucose are delivered to the brain and muscles

129
Q

What does adrenaline prepare the body for

A

To fight or run away (fight or flight)

130
Q

Where is the thyroid gland

A

In the neck

131
Q

What does the thyroid gland release

A

Thyroxine

132
Q

What does thyroxine stimulate

A

The body’s basal metabolic rate
Contributes to growth and development

133
Q

What is negative feedback

A

How the body responds to a change in the internal condtitions

134
Q

What is phototropism

A

Plants growing towards light

135
Q

Describe the process of phototropism

A
  • Auxin is produced at the tips of the shoot
  • Auxins triggers cell growth
  • Light causes auxin to concentrate on the darker side of the shoot tip
  • Auxin spreads down the shoot which causes cells on the darker side to grow faster than cells on the light side
136
Q

Describe the process of phototropism

A
  • Auxin is produced at the tips of the shoot
  • Auxins triggers cell growth
  • Light causes auxin to concentrate on the darker side of the shoot tip
  • Auxin spreads down the shoot which causes cells on the darker side to grow faster than cells on the light side
137
Q

What is gravitropism

A

Plant roots growing towards gravity

138
Q

What does Auxin do in the roots

A

Inhibits cells growth

139
Q

Describe gravitropism

A

Auxins are produced in the roots but gravity causes them to concentrate on the lower side. This causes an uneven distribution of auxin which causes the roots to bend downwards toward gravity

140
Q

What are gibberellins

A

plant hormone that starts the germination of seeds

141
Q

What is ethene

A

plant hormone that controls cell division and the ripening of fruits

142
Q

What are auxins used for

A

weedkillers, rooting powders and promoting growth in tissue culture

143
Q

What are gibberellins used for

A

To end seed dormancy, encourage plants to flower and make fruit grow larger

144
Q

What is ethene used for

A

To make ripening of fruits

SEP Biology Weydon (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions