Infection And Responce

Question 1

Properties of bacteria

Answer 1

Very small 1/100th size of body cells
Make you feel I’ll be producing toxins thag damage cells and tissue

Question 2

Properties of viruses

Answer 2

About 1/100th of bacteria
Reproduce rapidly
Live in cells and replicate themselves using cells machinery,then bursting it
Cell damage is what makes you feel ill

Question 3

What are protists

Answer 3

Single called eukaryotes
That live on or inside an organism causing damage

Question 4

Properties of fungi

Answer 4

Single celled
Others have a body that is hyphae
The hyphae can grow and penetrate human skin and surface of plants causing diseases
Produce spores whoch can be spread

Question 5

What 3 ways can a pathogen be spread

Answer 5

Water
Drinking dirty water
Air
Carried in droplets that’s produced when coughing or sneezing
Direct contact
Touching contaminated surfaces

Question 6

Name 3 viral diseases

Answer 6

Measles HIV tobacco mosaic virus

Question 7

What is measles

Answer 7

Spread by droplets
Causes red skin rash and signs of fever
Can be serious or fatal
Most people are vaccinated when young against it

Question 8

What is HIV

Answer 8

Spread by sexual contact or exchanging needles
Ini ally caused flu like symptoms
Can be controlled with antiretroviral drugs with stop it multiplying
Virus attacks immune cells
Becomes late stage hiv or aids

Question 9

What is tobacco mosaic virus

Answer 9

Affects plants
Causes mosaic pattern on leaves, makes them discoloured
Discolouration leads to no photosynthesis

Question 10

What is rose black spot and what does it do

Answer 10

Fungal disease
Causes purple or black spots to develop on leaves of rose
Less photosynthesis can happen
Spreads by wind and water
Treat the disease by a fungicide and stripping plant of infected leaves

Question 11

What is malaria caused by and what does happen

Answer 11

Protist
The mosquito is a vector that picks up malarial protist from feeding on infected animal
Infects other animals by inserting protist into animal blood vessels
Causing repeating episodes of fevers

Question 12

How can people protect against mosquitos

Answer 12

Insecticides and mosquito nets

Question 13

Properties of salmonella

Answer 13

Causes food poisoning
Leaves people feeling fever and stomach cramps
Symptoms caused by toxins
Contract is by eating food contaminated with it

Question 14

Properties of gonorrhoea

Answer 14

Passed on by sexual contact
Causes pain when urinate and thick yellow discharge from vagina or penis
Originally treated with penicillin however got tricker due to the bacteria becoming resistant
Prevent the spread by using Barrier methods

Question 15

How can the spread of disease be prevented

Answer 15

Hygiene
Washing hands
Destroying vectors
Insects killed with insecticides
Isolating the infected
Prevents them from passing it on
Vaccination
Less likely to develop infection and pass it on

Question 16

Whays the human body defence system

Answer 16

Skin acts as barrier to pathogens
Hair and mucus in nose trap particles that could contain pathogens
Trachea and bronchi secrete mucus to trap pathogens
Stomach produced hydrochloric acid to kill pathogens

Question 17

How does the immune system attack pathogens

Answer 17

White blood cells
By phagocytosis
Making antibodies

Question 18

How does vaccination protect from future infections

Answer 18

By injecting small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens
These carry antigens
WBC produce antibodies to attack them
So in case a live pathogen in the same type appears the white blood cells can rapidly mass produce antibodies to kill it off

Question 19

Pros and cons of vaccines

Answer 19

Pros
Helped control lists of communicable diseases that were common in Uk
Big outbreaks of diseases can be prevented if large percentage is vaccinated
Cons
Don’t always work
Can somtiems have a bad reaction to a vaccine

Question 20

What do painkillers do

Answer 20

Drugs that relive pain however don’t actually tackle the cause of disease of pathogen

Question 21

How do antibiotics work

Answer 21

They kill or prevent the growth of bacteria without harming body cells
However they don’t kill virus

Question 22

How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

Answer 22

Mutations in bacterium
Bacteria become resistant to antibiotics
When treated only non resistant bacteria will die
This means the resistant strain can reproduce and survive

Question 23

How do you slow down the rate of development if resistant bacteria

Answer 23

Doctors avoid over prescribing antibiotics
By finishing the whole course of antibiotics

Question 24

How do drugs come from plants

Answer 24

Plants produce chemicals to defend themselves
Some of these chemicals can be used as drugs to treat diseases or relieve symptoms

Question 25

What was the first antibiotic

Answer 25

Penaciln

Question 26

How are drugs made today

Answer 26

They’re synthesised by chemists in labs

Question 27

What are the 3 stages to developing a drug

Answer 27

Preclinical testing
1 drugs tested on human cells and tissue
2 test drug on live animals
3 tested on human voulanteers in clinical trial

Question 28

What happens in the live animal testing of drugs

Answer 28

To test efficacy,to find out about its toxicity and to find best dosage

Question 29

Describe the process of the clinical trial

Answer 29

First drug is tested on healthy volunteers to make sure about any side effects
If healthy volunteers are ok drugs are tested on people who have illness

Question 30

In human clinical trials how do you test how efficant a drug is

Answer 30

Patients are randomly put into 2 groups 1given new drug ,1 given placebo.so doctor can see the actual difference the drug makes

Question 31

What does it mean by blind clinical trials and double blind clinical trials

Answer 31

Blind clinical trial -patient doesn’t know if they’re getting
Double blind clinical trial -both doctor and patient don’t know UNTILL all results have been gathers