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Patho Exam 2 ETSU > Infection > Flashcards

Infection Flashcards

1
Q

___ benefits only the human but no harm to micro organisms

A

Symbosis

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2
Q

___ benefits the human and micro organisms

A

Mutualism

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3
Q

___ benefits the micro organism only but does not harm the human

A

Commensalism

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4
Q

___iS when Benign bugs become pathogenic bc of decreased human Host resistance

A

Opportunism

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5
Q

Normal microbiome is made up of symbiotic micro organisms- benefits the human.

A

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6
Q

Process of infection

Encounter:
Endogenous- normal part of body and in normal part of microbiome
Exogenous- transmitted from external source.

Transmission:
Direct contact: transmission from mother to child, exposure to blood and body fluids, HIV
Indirect: come into contact with affected materials- bandages, towels, droplet infection

Colonization:
Ability to survive and multiply in the human environment

A

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7
Q

_____ is a mix of bacteria and fungus and is in a organization extracellular matrix and made by micro organism. Can become resistant to antibiotics. Ex: someone with pace maker and gets affected and it’s hard to get rid of

A

Biofilm

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8
Q

Process of infection

___ cross surface barriers

A

Invasion of penetration

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9
Q

Process of infection

___ “spread”

A

Dissemination

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10
Q

Process of infection

Cellular or tissue damage

___ is production from toxins

A

Directly

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11
Q

Process of infection

Cellular or tissue damages

___ from immune response

A

Indirect

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12
Q

Abilities needed for infection

___ spreads from one individual to others

A

Communicability

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13
Q

Abilities needed for infection

___ induced immune response

A

Immunogenicity

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14
Q

Abilities needed for infection

___ invades and multiplies

A

Infectivity

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15
Q

Abilities needed for infection

____ produces disease

A

Pathogenicity

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16
Q

Factors of infection

Mechanism of action: how jt damages tissue

Portal of entry: route by which it infects the host

Toxigenicity: ability to produce toxins

Virulence: capacity to cause severe disease

A

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17
Q

Stages of infection

___ period is from exposure to onset of symptoms, pathogens are colonizing

A

Incubation period

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18
Q

Stages of infection

___ stage is early symptoms often mild and pathogens are multiplying

A

Prodromal stage

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19
Q

Stages of infection

___ period is where immune and inflammatory responses are triggered, pathogens are multiplying rapidly and invading farther

A

Invasion period

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20
Q

Stages of infection

____ is usually immune and inflammation systems remove pathogens, symptoms decline

A

Convalescence

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21
Q

Bacteria has no nucleus, cause disease.

Aerobic: need oxygen

Anerobic: don’t need oxygen

A

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22
Q

Gram positive: turn purple when stained
Has a thick peptidoglycan layer and don’t have outer lipid membrane. Easier to kill.

Gram negative: light pink when stained, thin peptidoglycan layer and do have a lipid membrane

A

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23
Q

Hair like projections on the cell that attach to the tissue and invade the cell

A

Pili (fimbria)

24
Q

__ is small long thin tube like structures that move the organism

A

Flagella

25
Q

___ is an outer covering that is used for resistance

A

Capsules

26
Q

___ is proteins that promote tissue invasion

A

Enzymes

27
Q

Bacteria can alSo compete for iron and nutrients to fuel them to keep going and produce toxins which can affect virulence

A

Know

28
Q

_____ is enzymes that can damage the plasma membranes of body cells or inactivate enzymes critical to protein synthesis.

Also produce antitoxins which antibody

Most severe is botulinum and can cause paralysis respiratory issues

A

Exotoxins

29
Q

___ activate inflammatory response and produce fever

Antibiotics don’t do well with this; they can not prevent the toxic effect of endotoxins

A

Endotoxins

30
Q

____ is the prescience of bacteria in the blood

A

Bacteremia

31
Q

____ is the growth of bacteria in the blood, failure of body’s defense mechanism, usually caused by gram negative bacteria, over production of pro inflammatory cytokines

A

Septicemia

32
Q

Viral infection dependent on host cells. They have no metabolism, simple organism, spreads cells to cells.

Transmission:

Aerosol, infected blood, sexual contact, animal reservoir, vector

A

Know

33
Q

The life cycle of the virus is INTRACELLULAR

  • attachment
  • penetration
  • uncoating
  • replication
  • assembly
  • release
A

Know

34
Q

Viral life cycle

___ is when the virus becomes attached to a target epithelial cell

A

Attachment

35
Q

Viral life cycle

___ is where the cell engulfs the virus by endocytosis

A

Penetration

36
Q

Viral life cycle

____ is where the viral contents are release we

A

Uncoating

37
Q

Viral life cycle

___ is where new viral particles are made and release into the extracellular fluid. The cell which is not killed in the process, continues to make new virus

A

Release

38
Q

Viral life cycle

___ is where new phage particles are assembled

A

Assembly

39
Q

Viral life cycle

___ is where viral RNA enters the nucleus.. where it is replicated by the viral RNA polymerase

A

Biosynthesis

40
Q

Influenza __ is the only virus to cause a flu epidemic

A

A

41
Q

Influenza ___ only causes a mild illness and doesn’t cause a epidemic

A

C

42
Q

Influenza ___ only affects cows

A

D

43
Q

Influenza A has two surface glycoproteins

  • hemagglutinin
  • neuramindase

These are the receptors for attachment to human target cells

A

Know

44
Q

Fungal infections

Single celled yeats
Are usually spheres or facultative anaerobes

Multicellular molds
Filaments or hyphae
Aerobic

A

Know

45
Q

___ is a type of fungus that invades the skin hair or nails. Tinea or ring worm

A

Dermatophytes

46
Q

___ look like branching hyphae and ex is a ringworm

A

Molds

47
Q

___ is spherical and round and you usually see it in hastoplasmosis. You can get it in soil that is affected by bird poop

A

Yeasts

48
Q

Parasite infections

The parasite will benefit at the expense of the human

Unicellular protozoa to large worms (helminths)

More common in developing countries

Spread human to human via vectors

A

Know

49
Q

With infectious disease

Include inflammatory and immune response

*FEVER is hallmark sign and is beneficial bc it turns on immune system

Exogenous Pyrogens from organisms produce endogenous pyrogens

A

Know

50
Q

Antimicrobials and antibiotics

Born prevent spread of infection

Inhibitation of cell wall , prevention of protein synthesis , blockage of DNA replication, interference with folic acid metabolism

A

Know

51
Q

____ kill the micro organism

A

Bactericidal

52
Q

___ inhibit growth of bacteria

A

Bacteriostatic

53
Q

Antibiotic resistant infections can result in deaths.

Resistance to single antibiotic has progressed to multiple antibiotic resistance

Causes:

Lack of compliance and over use of antibiotics

A

Know

54
Q

Vaccines

Biological preparations of antigens that stimulate production of protective antibodies

Long Lasting immunity

Primary immune short lives and booster injections Push immune response through secondary responses

A

Know

55
Q

Passive immunotherapy

Preformed antibodies given

Human immunoglobulin for hepatitis immunoglobulin and monoclonal antibodies for rabies

Monoclonal antibody for Rsv

A

Know

Patho Exam 2 ETSU (6 decks)

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