Infection Flashcards
___ benefits only the human but no harm to micro organisms
Symbosis
___ benefits the human and micro organisms
Mutualism
___ benefits the micro organism only but does not harm the human
Commensalism
___iS when Benign bugs become pathogenic bc of decreased human Host resistance
Opportunism
Normal microbiome is made up of symbiotic micro organisms- benefits the human.
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Process of infection
Encounter:
Endogenous- normal part of body and in normal part of microbiome
Exogenous- transmitted from external source.
Transmission:
Direct contact: transmission from mother to child, exposure to blood and body fluids, HIV
Indirect: come into contact with affected materials- bandages, towels, droplet infection
Colonization:
Ability to survive and multiply in the human environment
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_____ is a mix of bacteria and fungus and is in a organization extracellular matrix and made by micro organism. Can become resistant to antibiotics. Ex: someone with pace maker and gets affected and it’s hard to get rid of
Biofilm
Process of infection
___ cross surface barriers
Invasion of penetration
Process of infection
___ “spread”
Dissemination
Process of infection
Cellular or tissue damage
___ is production from toxins
Directly
Process of infection
Cellular or tissue damages
___ from immune response
Indirect
Abilities needed for infection
___ spreads from one individual to others
Communicability
Abilities needed for infection
___ induced immune response
Immunogenicity
Abilities needed for infection
___ invades and multiplies
Infectivity
Abilities needed for infection
____ produces disease
Pathogenicity
Factors of infection
Mechanism of action: how jt damages tissue
Portal of entry: route by which it infects the host
Toxigenicity: ability to produce toxins
Virulence: capacity to cause severe disease
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Stages of infection
___ period is from exposure to onset of symptoms, pathogens are colonizing
Incubation period
Stages of infection
___ stage is early symptoms often mild and pathogens are multiplying
Prodromal stage
Stages of infection
___ period is where immune and inflammatory responses are triggered, pathogens are multiplying rapidly and invading farther
Invasion period
Stages of infection
____ is usually immune and inflammation systems remove pathogens, symptoms decline
Convalescence
Bacteria has no nucleus, cause disease.
Aerobic: need oxygen
Anerobic: don’t need oxygen
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Gram positive: turn purple when stained
Has a thick peptidoglycan layer and don’t have outer lipid membrane. Easier to kill.
Gram negative: light pink when stained, thin peptidoglycan layer and do have a lipid membrane
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Hair like projections on the cell that attach to the tissue and invade the cell
Pili (fimbria)
__ is small long thin tube like structures that move the organism
Flagella
___ is an outer covering that is used for resistance
Capsules
___ is proteins that promote tissue invasion
Enzymes
Bacteria can alSo compete for iron and nutrients to fuel them to keep going and produce toxins which can affect virulence
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_____ is enzymes that can damage the plasma membranes of body cells or inactivate enzymes critical to protein synthesis.
Also produce antitoxins which antibody
Most severe is botulinum and can cause paralysis respiratory issues
Exotoxins
___ activate inflammatory response and produce fever
Antibiotics don’t do well with this; they can not prevent the toxic effect of endotoxins
Endotoxins
____ is the prescience of bacteria in the blood
Bacteremia
____ is the growth of bacteria in the blood, failure of body’s defense mechanism, usually caused by gram negative bacteria, over production of pro inflammatory cytokines
Septicemia
Viral infection dependent on host cells. They have no metabolism, simple organism, spreads cells to cells.
Transmission:
Aerosol, infected blood, sexual contact, animal reservoir, vector
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The life cycle of the virus is INTRACELLULAR
- attachment
- penetration
- uncoating
- replication
- assembly
- release
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Viral life cycle
___ is when the virus becomes attached to a target epithelial cell
Attachment
Viral life cycle
___ is where the cell engulfs the virus by endocytosis
Penetration
Viral life cycle
____ is where the viral contents are release we
Uncoating
Viral life cycle
___ is where new viral particles are made and release into the extracellular fluid. The cell which is not killed in the process, continues to make new virus
Release
Viral life cycle
___ is where new phage particles are assembled
Assembly
Viral life cycle
___ is where viral RNA enters the nucleus.. where it is replicated by the viral RNA polymerase
Biosynthesis
Influenza __ is the only virus to cause a flu epidemic
A
Influenza ___ only causes a mild illness and doesn’t cause a epidemic
C
Influenza ___ only affects cows
D
Influenza A has two surface glycoproteins
- hemagglutinin
- neuramindase
These are the receptors for attachment to human target cells
Know
Fungal infections
Single celled yeats
Are usually spheres or facultative anaerobes
Multicellular molds
Filaments or hyphae
Aerobic
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___ is a type of fungus that invades the skin hair or nails. Tinea or ring worm
Dermatophytes
___ look like branching hyphae and ex is a ringworm
Molds
___ is spherical and round and you usually see it in hastoplasmosis. You can get it in soil that is affected by bird poop
Yeasts
Parasite infections
The parasite will benefit at the expense of the human
Unicellular protozoa to large worms (helminths)
More common in developing countries
Spread human to human via vectors
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With infectious disease
Include inflammatory and immune response
*FEVER is hallmark sign and is beneficial bc it turns on immune system
Exogenous Pyrogens from organisms produce endogenous pyrogens
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Antimicrobials and antibiotics
Born prevent spread of infection
Inhibitation of cell wall , prevention of protein synthesis , blockage of DNA replication, interference with folic acid metabolism
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____ kill the micro organism
Bactericidal
___ inhibit growth of bacteria
Bacteriostatic
Antibiotic resistant infections can result in deaths.
Resistance to single antibiotic has progressed to multiple antibiotic resistance
Causes:
Lack of compliance and over use of antibiotics
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Vaccines
Biological preparations of antigens that stimulate production of protective antibodies
Long Lasting immunity
Primary immune short lives and booster injections Push immune response through secondary responses
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Passive immunotherapy
Preformed antibodies given
Human immunoglobulin for hepatitis immunoglobulin and monoclonal antibodies for rabies
Monoclonal antibody for Rsv
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