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Patho Exam 2 ETSU > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

___ line of defense is your

Skin
Mucous membranes
Secretions of skin and mucous membranes

-non specific defense mechanism

A

1st line of defense

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2
Q

___ like of defense is your
Phagocytic white blood cells
Antimicrobial proteins
The inflammatory response

-nonspecific defense mechanisms

A

Second line of defense

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3
Q

___ line of defense is

Lymphocytes
Antibodies

  • specific defense mechanism (immune system)
A

Third line of defense

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4
Q

Immune response: Third line of defense. Involves production of antibodies and generation of specialized lymphocytes against specific antigens

A

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5
Q

Adaptive immunity

Mobilized AFTER external barriers have been compromised and inflammation activated

Works against reinfection

Differences from inflammation-

  1. Inducible-lymphocytes and antibodies are produced in response to infection so the adaptive immunity develops more slowly than inflammation
  2. Specific- the lymphocytes or antibodies induced are specific to that infecting microbe
  3. Long lived- lymphocytes and antibodies are long lived. Long term protection against specific invaders
  4. Memory- If you get reinfected with the same microbe the lymphocytes and antibodies are produced immediately Permanent long term protection
A

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6
Q

Two elements of adaptive immunity

Antigens- targets of antibodies and lymphocytes. On surface of microbe, infected cell, or infected tissue.

Lymphocytes are divided into B (bone marrow derived)and T cells (thymus derived)

B cells make antibodies that will bind to invaders to destroy them.

T cell recognize invaders and kill directly

A

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7
Q

Adaptive immunity

___ immunity extracellular, ANTIBODIES circulating in the blood

A

Humoral

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8
Q

Adaptive immunity

___ immunity is intracellular and T cells in blood and tissues defend against intracellular pathogens and abnormal cells

A

Cellular

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9
Q

Adaptive immunity

___ immunity develops after exposure to antigen and is long lived

Chicken pox

A

Active

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10
Q

Adaptive immunity

___ immunity is preformed antibodies or T cells are administered and is temporary immunity.

Baby get antibodies from mom lasts days to months

A

Passive

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11
Q

___ are molecules that are foreign to the host and cause immune response

A

Antigens

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12
Q

___ is antigens but not all antigens are immunogens

A

Immunogens

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13
Q

___ become immunogenic after combining with larger molecules

A

Haptens

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14
Q

___ is the precise area of the antigen that a particular antibody recognizes

A

Epitopes

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15
Q

B cella’s are bone marrow derived. Triggered to become plasma cells which will make antibodies. They can form memory cells to remember the same pathogen.

T cells are thymus derived, several sub sets, can form memory cells.

A

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16
Q

Clonal ___ is the production of T & B lymphocytes. Antigen regimen

A

Clonal diversity

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17
Q

Clonal ___ is antigen processing and presentation. Complex cellular interactions

A

Clonal selection

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18
Q

Clonal diversity

  • primarily occurs in fetus
  • all necessary receptor specificities are produced
  • takes place in the primary (central) lymphoid organs (thymus, bone marrow)
  • results in immature but immunocompetent T and B cells
A

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19
Q

B cell development

Production, proliferation, differentiation in bone marrow:

Travel to LYMPHOID tissue and reside there as immunocompetent cells

  • each cell responds to only one specific antigen
  • b cell receptors recognize antigen

Clonal deletion or CENTRAL TOLERANCE

A

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20
Q

T cell development

Thymus= central lymphoid organ of T cell development

T cell receptors recognize antigen

Leave thymus, travel to and reside in secondary LYMPHOID tissue as mature immunocompetent cells

A

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21
Q

Antigen processing and presentation

*initiated when T and B cells interact with an antigen

Antigens PRESENTED on the surface of APCs

Abnormal cells presented by major histocompatability complex

Results:

Differentiation of B cells into active antibody producing cells (PLASMA CELLS)
Differentiation of T cells into EFFECTOR CELLS such as t cytotoxic cells

A

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22
Q

Glycoproteins on the surface of all human cells EXCEPT RBC. Also referred to as human leukocyte antigens is called ___ ___ __

A

Major histocompatibility complex MHC

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23
Q

MHC class 1 presents for endogenous antigens

MHC class 2 presents exogenous antigens

A

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24
Q

Step 2 clonal selection

Intracellular collaborations result in the production of effector and memory cells

Require three intracellular signaling events

  1. Antigen specific recognition- through TCR or BCR complex
  2. Activation of intracellular communication
  3. Response to specific groups of cytokines

Without this you can not have protected immune response

A

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25
Q

B cell clonal selection:
When an immunocompetent B cell encounters an antigen for the first time; B cells with specific BCR (b cell receptors) are stimulated to differentiate and proliferate.
- a differentiated B cell becomes a PLASMA CELL
-a plasma cell is a factory for ANTIBODY PRODUCTION

A

T cytotoxic lymphocytes

Binding antigen to specific T cell receptors

Allows: DIRECT KILLING foreign or abnormal cells
Assistance or *activation of other cells
Reacts with antigens on *virus infected or cancerous cells

Develops into Tc effector cell that can destroy abnormal cells

26
Q

____ lymphocytes are required for all adaptive immune response. Help the antigen driven maturation of b and T cells. Facilitate and magnify interaction between APC and immunocompetent lymphocytes

A

T helper Th lymphocytes

27
Q

_____ bind to variable portion of TCR and MHC class 2 molecule outside normal antigen specific binding sites.

EXCESSIVE production of cytokines

Cause systemic inflammatory response like fever

A

Super antigens (SAGS)

28
Q

___ cella’s binding antigen to specific T cell receptors: direct killing of foreign or abnormal cells. Killer cells

A

T cytotoxic

29
Q

B cell clonal

When immunocompetent B cell encounters antigen for the first time B cell with specific BCR are stimulated to differentiate and proliferate

-a differentiated B cell becomes a plasma cell *

Plasma cells are factories for antibody production

A

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30
Q

Memory cells

B&T cells differentiate into large population of memory cells

Long lived

Remain inactive until subsequent antigen exposure

Do not require further differentiation so will rapidly becoming plasma cells or effector T cells

A

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31
Q

__ most abundant immunoglobulins

A

IgG

32
Q

___ is the immunoglobulin in blood and secretions

A

IgA

33
Q

___ is the immunoglobulins synthesized in the utero

A

IgM

34
Q

____ is the immunoglobulin in the lower amount of blood

A

IgD

35
Q

___ is the immunoglobulin that has direct response to allergic or parasite

A

IgE

36
Q

___ ____ is the area of the antigen that is recognized by an antibody

A

Antigenic determinant (epitope)

37
Q

___ ____ ___ is the matching portion on the antibody

A

Antigen binding site (paratope)

38
Q

Antigen fits into binding site or antibody like a “key into a lock”

A

Know

39
Q

Antibody functions

Direct- antibody alone

A

Know

40
Q

Antibody functions

Direct- antibody alone

___ is blocking the binding of antigens to the receptors

Ex flu will bind to respiratory cells

A

Neutralization

41
Q

Antibody functions

Direct- antibody alone

___ is clumping of particles

A

Agglutination

42
Q

Antibody functions

Direct- antibody alone

___ is making a soluble antigen into a insoluble precipitation

A

Precipitation

43
Q

Antibody functions

Indirect- requiring other components

A

Know

44
Q

Antibody functions

Indirect- requiring other components

Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Complement

A

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45
Q

___ is the most abundant immunoglobulin 80-85%

  • Most of protective activity against infections
  • crosses placenta to protect the newborn child
A

IgG

46
Q

___ is predominately found in blood and body secretions

Most important is the IgA2 and it’s prodominately in bodily secretions ***

A

IgA

47
Q

___ is the largest immunoglobulin

First antibody produced during the primary response to an antigen

Synthesized early in neonatal life

A

IgM

48
Q

___ immunoglobulin is low concentration in the blood. Function as a type of B cell antigen receptor

A

IgD

49
Q

__ immunoglobulin is low concentration in the blood and is defense mechanism against parasitic infections.

When produced against innocuous environmental antigens, common cause of allergies

A

IgE

50
Q

Secretory mucosal immune systems.

Protects the external surfaces of the body

**Antibodies present in tears, sweat, saliva, mucus, and breast milk

IgA is dominant

Partially independent

A

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51
Q

Cellular immunity

___ cells destroy cancer cells or cells infected with viruses

A

T cytotoxic

52
Q

Cellular immunity

__ help develop cell mediated immunity, develop humoral immunity, secrete lymphokine, activate macrophages, limit immune response

A

T helper cells

53
Q

Cellular immunity

____ cells remain inactive until re exposed to the same antigen

A

Memory cells

54
Q

____ cells complement tc cell mechanisms but do not have antigen specific receptors

A

Natural killer cells

55
Q

___ ___ cells amplify inflammation

A

Lymphokine secreting T cells

56
Q

___ ___ promise peripheral tolerance and suppress immune response

A

T regulatory lymphocytes

57
Q

Pediatric immunity

Fetus had sufficient IgM but deficient IgG and IgA responses

Maternal antibodies a provide protection within the fetal circulation and during the first months of life (up to 6 months)

Immunologically immature when born with deficiencies in antibody production, phagocytic activity and complement activity

A

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58
Q

Aging and immune function

Decreased T cell activity

Thymic size is 15% of its maximum size.

Thymic hormone production drops. As does the organs ability to mediate T cell differentiation

Decrease antibody response to antigens

Increase in circulating antigen antibody complexes

Increase in circulating antibodies

Decrease in circulating memory B cells

A

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59
Q

Clonal diversity and selection

Diversity: before birth PRODUCTION of b and T cells. End product: immunocompetent b and T cells that will react with an antigen but never seen one before

Selection: after birth, initiated by antigen for a specific immune response. Throughout lifetime, dorms memory cells

A

Know

Patho Exam 2 ETSU (6 decks)

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