Adaptive Immunity Flashcards
___ line of defense is your
Skin
Mucous membranes
Secretions of skin and mucous membranes
-non specific defense mechanism
1st line of defense
___ like of defense is your
Phagocytic white blood cells
Antimicrobial proteins
The inflammatory response
-nonspecific defense mechanisms
Second line of defense
___ line of defense is
Lymphocytes
Antibodies
- specific defense mechanism (immune system)
Third line of defense
Immune response: Third line of defense. Involves production of antibodies and generation of specialized lymphocytes against specific antigens
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Adaptive immunity
Mobilized AFTER external barriers have been compromised and inflammation activated
Works against reinfection
Differences from inflammation-
- Inducible-lymphocytes and antibodies are produced in response to infection so the adaptive immunity develops more slowly than inflammation
- Specific- the lymphocytes or antibodies induced are specific to that infecting microbe
- Long lived- lymphocytes and antibodies are long lived. Long term protection against specific invaders
- Memory- If you get reinfected with the same microbe the lymphocytes and antibodies are produced immediately Permanent long term protection
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Two elements of adaptive immunity
Antigens- targets of antibodies and lymphocytes. On surface of microbe, infected cell, or infected tissue.
Lymphocytes are divided into B (bone marrow derived)and T cells (thymus derived)
B cells make antibodies that will bind to invaders to destroy them.
T cell recognize invaders and kill directly
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Adaptive immunity
___ immunity extracellular, ANTIBODIES circulating in the blood
Humoral
Adaptive immunity
___ immunity is intracellular and T cells in blood and tissues defend against intracellular pathogens and abnormal cells
Cellular
Adaptive immunity
___ immunity develops after exposure to antigen and is long lived
Chicken pox
Active
Adaptive immunity
___ immunity is preformed antibodies or T cells are administered and is temporary immunity.
Baby get antibodies from mom lasts days to months
Passive
___ are molecules that are foreign to the host and cause immune response
Antigens
___ is antigens but not all antigens are immunogens
Immunogens
___ become immunogenic after combining with larger molecules
Haptens
___ is the precise area of the antigen that a particular antibody recognizes
Epitopes
B cella’s are bone marrow derived. Triggered to become plasma cells which will make antibodies. They can form memory cells to remember the same pathogen.
T cells are thymus derived, several sub sets, can form memory cells.
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Clonal ___ is the production of T & B lymphocytes. Antigen regimen
Clonal diversity
Clonal ___ is antigen processing and presentation. Complex cellular interactions
Clonal selection
Clonal diversity
- primarily occurs in fetus
- all necessary receptor specificities are produced
- takes place in the primary (central) lymphoid organs (thymus, bone marrow)
- results in immature but immunocompetent T and B cells
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B cell development
Production, proliferation, differentiation in bone marrow:
Travel to LYMPHOID tissue and reside there as immunocompetent cells
- each cell responds to only one specific antigen
- b cell receptors recognize antigen
Clonal deletion or CENTRAL TOLERANCE
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T cell development
Thymus= central lymphoid organ of T cell development
T cell receptors recognize antigen
Leave thymus, travel to and reside in secondary LYMPHOID tissue as mature immunocompetent cells
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Antigen processing and presentation
*initiated when T and B cells interact with an antigen
Antigens PRESENTED on the surface of APCs
Abnormal cells presented by major histocompatability complex
Results:
Differentiation of B cells into active antibody producing cells (PLASMA CELLS)
Differentiation of T cells into EFFECTOR CELLS such as t cytotoxic cells
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Glycoproteins on the surface of all human cells EXCEPT RBC. Also referred to as human leukocyte antigens is called ___ ___ __
Major histocompatibility complex MHC
MHC class 1 presents for endogenous antigens
MHC class 2 presents exogenous antigens
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Step 2 clonal selection
Intracellular collaborations result in the production of effector and memory cells
Require three intracellular signaling events
- Antigen specific recognition- through TCR or BCR complex
- Activation of intracellular communication
- Response to specific groups of cytokines
Without this you can not have protected immune response
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B cell clonal selection:
When an immunocompetent B cell encounters an antigen for the first time; B cells with specific BCR (b cell receptors) are stimulated to differentiate and proliferate.
- a differentiated B cell becomes a PLASMA CELL
-a plasma cell is a factory for ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
T cytotoxic lymphocytes
Binding antigen to specific T cell receptors
Allows: DIRECT KILLING foreign or abnormal cells
Assistance or *activation of other cells
Reacts with antigens on *virus infected or cancerous cells
Develops into Tc effector cell that can destroy abnormal cells
____ lymphocytes are required for all adaptive immune response. Help the antigen driven maturation of b and T cells. Facilitate and magnify interaction between APC and immunocompetent lymphocytes
T helper Th lymphocytes
_____ bind to variable portion of TCR and MHC class 2 molecule outside normal antigen specific binding sites.
EXCESSIVE production of cytokines
Cause systemic inflammatory response like fever
Super antigens (SAGS)
___ cella’s binding antigen to specific T cell receptors: direct killing of foreign or abnormal cells. Killer cells
T cytotoxic
B cell clonal
When immunocompetent B cell encounters antigen for the first time B cell with specific BCR are stimulated to differentiate and proliferate
-a differentiated B cell becomes a plasma cell *
Plasma cells are factories for antibody production
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Memory cells
B&T cells differentiate into large population of memory cells
Long lived
Remain inactive until subsequent antigen exposure
Do not require further differentiation so will rapidly becoming plasma cells or effector T cells
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__ most abundant immunoglobulins
IgG
___ is the immunoglobulin in blood and secretions
IgA
___ is the immunoglobulins synthesized in the utero
IgM
____ is the immunoglobulin in the lower amount of blood
IgD
___ is the immunoglobulin that has direct response to allergic or parasite
IgE
___ ____ is the area of the antigen that is recognized by an antibody
Antigenic determinant (epitope)
___ ____ ___ is the matching portion on the antibody
Antigen binding site (paratope)
Antigen fits into binding site or antibody like a “key into a lock”
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Antibody functions
Direct- antibody alone
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Antibody functions
Direct- antibody alone
___ is blocking the binding of antigens to the receptors
Ex flu will bind to respiratory cells
Neutralization
Antibody functions
Direct- antibody alone
___ is clumping of particles
Agglutination
Antibody functions
Direct- antibody alone
___ is making a soluble antigen into a insoluble precipitation
Precipitation
Antibody functions
Indirect- requiring other components
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Antibody functions
Indirect- requiring other components
Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Complement
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___ is the most abundant immunoglobulin 80-85%
- Most of protective activity against infections
- crosses placenta to protect the newborn child
IgG
___ is predominately found in blood and body secretions
Most important is the IgA2 and it’s prodominately in bodily secretions ***
IgA
___ is the largest immunoglobulin
First antibody produced during the primary response to an antigen
Synthesized early in neonatal life
IgM
___ immunoglobulin is low concentration in the blood. Function as a type of B cell antigen receptor
IgD
__ immunoglobulin is low concentration in the blood and is defense mechanism against parasitic infections.
When produced against innocuous environmental antigens, common cause of allergies
IgE
Secretory mucosal immune systems.
Protects the external surfaces of the body
**Antibodies present in tears, sweat, saliva, mucus, and breast milk
IgA is dominant
Partially independent
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Cellular immunity
___ cells destroy cancer cells or cells infected with viruses
T cytotoxic
Cellular immunity
__ help develop cell mediated immunity, develop humoral immunity, secrete lymphokine, activate macrophages, limit immune response
T helper cells
Cellular immunity
____ cells remain inactive until re exposed to the same antigen
Memory cells
____ cells complement tc cell mechanisms but do not have antigen specific receptors
Natural killer cells
___ ___ cells amplify inflammation
Lymphokine secreting T cells
___ ___ promise peripheral tolerance and suppress immune response
T regulatory lymphocytes
Pediatric immunity
Fetus had sufficient IgM but deficient IgG and IgA responses
Maternal antibodies a provide protection within the fetal circulation and during the first months of life (up to 6 months)
Immunologically immature when born with deficiencies in antibody production, phagocytic activity and complement activity
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Aging and immune function
Decreased T cell activity
Thymic size is 15% of its maximum size.
Thymic hormone production drops. As does the organs ability to mediate T cell differentiation
Decrease antibody response to antigens
Increase in circulating antigen antibody complexes
Increase in circulating antibodies
Decrease in circulating memory B cells
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Clonal diversity and selection
Diversity: before birth PRODUCTION of b and T cells. End product: immunocompetent b and T cells that will react with an antigen but never seen one before
Selection: after birth, initiated by antigen for a specific immune response. Throughout lifetime, dorms memory cells
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