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patho exam 2 etsu > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

_____ carry hemoglobin for oxygenation tissues.

Low-anemia

High- polycythemia

A

Erythrocytes

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2
Q

Low erythrocytes (RBC) is called

A

Anemia

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3
Q

High erythrocytes level is called

A

Polycythemia

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4
Q

____ main function is immune system (innate) inflammation

A

Leukocytes

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5
Q

Low leukocyte level is ___ ___

A

Immune dysfunction

Cancer leukemia

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6
Q

___ main function is immune (acquired)

Problems is lymphoma cancer and multiple myeloma

A

Lymphocytes

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7
Q

____ forms blood clots (thrombi) and stops bleeding

A

Thrombocytes

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8
Q

Low thrombocytes means there is ___

A

Bleeding

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9
Q

High thrombocytes Meanss there is ____

A

Clotting DVT

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10
Q

Anemia means

Not enough RBC, RBC doesn’t have enough Hgb to carry oxygen. Check Hgb level and types of Hgb (electrophoresis) and RBC don’t work right (shape/morphology)

A

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11
Q

Anemia manifestations:

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity

Fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, dizziness w position change

Signs:
Rapid HR
Pallor
Heart murmur
Enlarged heart even failure 
Pale conjuctiva
A

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12
Q

What triggers RBC production:

Low oxygen levels in the kidneys stimulates release of ERYTHROPOIETIN, a hormone.

Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to release RBC

Sometimes immature RBC reticulocytes are released, indicating higher production

Need enough iron to make the hemoglobin for new RBC

A

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13
Q

Two causes of anemia

Loss of RBC or diminished erythropoiesis (not making RBC)

A

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14
Q

If the terms end in ____ it is describing size of a cell

Either size hemoglobin or shape

A

Cytic

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15
Q

Macrocytic means ___

A

Large

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16
Q

Microcytic means ____

A

Small

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17
Q

Normocytic means ____

A

Normal size

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18
Q

Terms that end with chromic means _____ ___

Size Hgb or shape

A

Hemoglobin content

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19
Q

Normochromic means normal ___

A

Hgb

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20
Q

Hypochromic means

A

Low Hgb

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21
Q

____ is red cells in different sizes

A

Anisocytosis

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22
Q

____ is red cells in various shapes

A

Poikilocytosis

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23
Q

____ ___ anemia is acute blood loss. Normocytic normochromic (normal size and Hgb normal) too fast to compensate cells look normal. TRAUMA AND SURGERY causes

A

Post hemorrhagic

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24
Q

___ ___ anemia is chronic blood loss, blood loss is greater than replacement capacity of bone marrow. Associated with SLOW blood loss like menstruation or colon cancer

A

Iron deficiency

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25
Q

Blood loss due to RBC destruction as well-
hemolytic anemia:

RBC are destroyed faster than they can be made: ex sickle cell disease, auto immune disorder

Happens fast and can be lethal

A

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26
Q

Macrocytic normochromic anemia (big RBC)

Also called megablastic anemia

Unusually LARGE STEM CELLS

DEFECTIVE DNA SYNTHESIS

nutrient deficit of folate and vitamin b 12

A

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27
Q

____ anemia cause is lack of intrinsic factor from gastric parietal cells. Require vitamin b12 absorption. When Hgb drops 7-8 g/dL. Weakness, fatigue, difficulty walking; PARESTHESIAS, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, weight loss, sore tongue

Neurologic manifestations irreversible*

Life long b 12 replacement

A

Pernicious anemia

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28
Q

___ deficiency (macrocytic anemia) DAILY dietary intake of folate. 50-200mg qd, absorption of folate occur in upper small intestine and no Neuro symptoms, common in alcohol abuse

A

Folate deficiency

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29
Q

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia world wide.

Microcytic hypochromic anemia’s- small pale RBC

Red cells are small and low Hgb *

Related to iron deficiency *

Chronic loss of RBC

Poor intake or absorption

A

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30
Q

Microcytic hypochromic anemia: iron deficiency

You’ll see manifestations when Hgb decreases to 7-8 per/dL

Early symptoms: fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale earlobes, Palms and conjuctiva

Progress of iron deficiency anemia causes brittle thin coarsely ridgid and spoon shaped nails (kolionychia) cheilosis, stomatitis, painful ulceration in mouth and dysphasia

A

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31
Q

Normocytic, normochromic anemia’s

Cells are NORMAL but not enough of them *

Cause:
Acute blood loss, or hemorrhage

Hemolysis/ red blood cells broken down, die too soon.

Chronic illness or inflammation

A plastic anemia- bone marrow can’t make ANY blood cell types

A

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32
Q

___ is where RBC broken down, die too soon.

A

Hemolysis

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33
Q

___ anemia is where bone marrow can’t make ANY blood cell Tyler

A

Aplastic anemia

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34
Q

___ anemia is a rare anemia. *reduction in RBC, WBC, and platelets.

Manifestations: all types of blood cells missing.

Low RBC- fatigue and pallor

Low platelet: petechiae, bruising, bleeding gums, GI

Low wbc increased infections

Why? Damaged bone marrow due to cancer leukemia, radiation, meds or chemo

A

Aplastic anemia

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35
Q

___ anemia normocytic normochromic anemia, RBC FRAGILE*, causes drugs infection, difficult to get rid of Hgb breakdown so they get jaundice**

A

Hemolytic

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36
Q

Anemia of chronic disease is due to decreased erythropoiesis and impaired iron utilization in chronic disease or inflammation

A

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37
Q

Over production of red blood cells erythrocytes

A

Polycythemia

38
Q

___ ___ is the result of dehydration (less plasma) and hemoconcentration of the blood

A

Realitive polycythemia

39
Q

___ ___ a slow growing blood cancer. Where bone marrow makes to many RBC and you’ll see elevated platelet and wbc and thicker blood

A

Polycythemia Vera

40
Q

___ ____ more common and when they have more erythropoietin secreted bc patient is hypoxic, high altitude people or smokers with high co2

A

Secondary polycythemia

41
Q

___ ___ is caused by elevated iron absorption. Abdominal pain and weak: therapeutic phlebotomy

A

Hereditary hemochromatosis

42
Q

___ ____ it’s a blood cancer where bone marrow makes too many RBC wbc and platelets are also increased.

Cause: Cerebral thrombosis (stroke) one of main causes of death

Decrease blood volume

A

Polycythemia Vera

43
Q

___ is high leukocyte count

A

Leukocytosis

44
Q

___ low leukocyte count, never normal

A

Leukopenia

45
Q

____ also caused neutophilia, increase in granulocytes, mostly neutrophils

A

Granulocytosis

46
Q

Neutrophillia is normal in the first stages of infection or inflammation.

If the need for neutrophils increase beyond the supply, IMMATURE NEUTROPHILS are released.

Phenomenon is termed shift to the left (high percent of immature neutrophils) ABNORMAL

When the population returns to normal shift to the right

A

Know

47
Q

____ is reduction in circulating neutrophils

Causes is prolonged severe infection, decreased production, reduced survival, abnormal neutrophil distribution.

A

Neutropenia

48
Q

____ is severe neutropenia (reduction in neutrophils)

A

Granulocytopenia

49
Q

____ is absence of granulocytes.

Results in VULNERABILITY TO INFECTION

A

Agranulocytosis

50
Q

____ is INCREASE in circulating eosinophils, triggered by HYPERSENSITIVITY reactions (allergic)
ALLERGIC disorders and PARASITE invasions

A

Eosinophilia

51
Q

_____ is DECREASE in circulating eosinophils, caused by migration of cells to inflammatory sites. Causes: Cushing syndrome and stress

A

Eosinopenia

52
Q

___ INCREASE in circulating basophils and response to INFLAMMATION & HYPERSENSITIVITY (allergic reactions) seen in myeloproliferative disorders (overactive bone marrow)

A

Basophilia

53
Q

____ is DECREASE in circulating basophils and occurs in acute infections, hyperthyroidism, ovulation, pregnancy; long term steroid therapy

A

Basopenia

54
Q

____ is INCREASE in circulating monocytes. Often transient and not due to low monocyte production. Usually occurs with neutropenia in later stages of infections when monocytes are needed to PHAGOCYTIZE organisms and debris

A

Monocytosis

55
Q

____ is DECREASE in circulating monocytes, RARE

A

Monocytopenia

56
Q

____ is INCREASE in number or proportion of lymphocytes. **In Viral INFECTIONS* particularly Epstein Barr virus- NOT BACTERIAL

A

Lymphocytosis

57
Q

____ is DECREASE in circulating lymphocytes

Causes: low production due to immune deficiencies and destruction by drugs virus or radiation

A

Lymphocytopenia

58
Q

__ ___ benign acute self limiting infection of b lymphocytes transmitter by saliva through personal contact .

Most common cause EBV

A

Infectious mononucleosis

59
Q

Mono patients symptoms

*fatigue
Fever
Sore throat
Swollen cervical lymph nodes

Serious complication
Splenic rupture is most common cause of death

A

Know

60
Q

Malignant disorder of the bone marrow and blood.

Excessive accumulation of leukemic cells. Cells crowd bone marrow and decreased function of hematopoietic cells and pancytopenia(decrease in wbc RBC and platelet)

A

Leukemia

61
Q

___ ___ leukemia

Too many lymphoblasts**

Most common in childhood*

Most are B cell origin

A

Acute lymphocytic leukemia ALL

62
Q

___ ____ leukemia too many myeloblasts**

Most common adult leukemia

A

Acute myelogenous leukemia AML

63
Q

____ ___ leukemia slow leukemia, too many blood cells made in bone marrow, more often in adults: exposure to radiation is cause

** Philadelphia chromosome is seen in 95% of these people **

A

Chronic myelogenous leukemia CML

64
Q

____ ___ leukemia predominantly seen in OLDER adults >60. Too many IMMATURE lymphocytes and immunologically incompetent (can’t fight infections)

Follows a slow chronic course

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

65
Q

____ means swollen lymph nodes

A

Lymphadenopathy

66
Q

____ ____ is lymph node cancer

A

Malignant lymphomas

67
Q

____ ____ is malignant neoplasms (cancer) of cells derived from lymphoid tissue (lymphocytes, histocytes, and macrophaged in lymphoid tissue.

Most common blood cancer in US

Causes:: genetic or viral inf

A

Malignant lymphoma

68
Q

___ lymphoma malignant lymphoma that affects localized group of lymph nodes. Derived from B cell that’s not undergone successful immunoglobulin gene arrangement . * REED STERNBERG CELLS NECESSARY FOR DX

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

69
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma ** painless rubbery enlarged node on neck**

Usually found on men when shaving

A

Know

70
Q

__ ___ lymphoma is genetic term for diverse group of lymphoid tissue neoplasms.

Real classification

  • b cell neoplasms
  • t cell and NK cell neoplasms

Risk factor include being older male and white

A

Non Hodgkin lymphoma

71
Q

___ lymphoma is most
Common type of Hodgkin lymphoma in CHILDREN particularly in African children

  • very fast growing tumor of the jaw and facial bones
  • epstein Barr virus is found in nasopharyngeal secretions of patients
A

Burkitts lymphoma

72
Q

____ ___ is a bone marrow disease with plasma cell tumors in bone.

Frequently the myeloma produces BENCE JONES protein and may cause renal failure

*bone pain may be first symptom

A

Multiple myeloma

73
Q

____ is decrease in circulating platelets

A

Thrombocytopenia

74
Q

____ is increase in circulating platelets

A

Thrombocythemia

75
Q

Thrombocytopenia is a platelet count less than

A

150,000

76
Q

_____ ____ is error in lab giving a false reading from thrombocytopenia

A

Pseudo- thrombocytopenia

77
Q

Thrombocytopenia

Less than ____ is when it becomes clinically significant

A

100,000

78
Q

Thrombocytopenia l

Less than ___ is when hemorrhage from minor trauma

A

50,000

79
Q

Thrombocytopenia

LesS than ___ is spontaneous bleeding

A

15,000

80
Q

Thrombocytopenia

Less than ___ is a severe bleeding

A

10,000

81
Q

____ ___ thrombocytopenia IgG antibodies target heparin platelet factor 4 complex, typically causes 50% drop in platelet count, tx direct thrombin inhibitor

A

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia

82
Q

____ ____ ____ chronic: IgG auto antibody that targets platelets, antibody coated platelets are sequestered (gathered up) and removed from circulation

Acute: develops *after a viral infection and one of the most common *childhood bleeding disorders

A

Immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenia purpura

83
Q

____ ____ ___ is a thrombotic clotting microangiopathy (small or micro vessel disease) platelets aggregate, form microthrombi (tiny clots), and cause occlusion (blockage) of arterioles and capillaries

Familial (rare, children) or acquired (common, severe) Results low platelets so bleeding

A

Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura

84
Q

___ thrombocytopenia

Myeloproliferative neoplasm (bone marrow cancer*) involving defect in bone marrow megakaryocyte progenitor cells. Megakaryocytes in the bone marrow are produced in excess. Microvasculature thrombosis or hemorrhage occurs.

A

Essential (primary) thrombocytopenia

85
Q

____ thrombocytopenia is following splenectomy** because platelet can not be stored in spleen

A

Secondary

86
Q

Alterations of coagulation

Caused by problems with clotting factors

  1. Impaired hemostasis (unable to stop bleeding)
  2. Thromboembolic disorders (forms clots when they should not)
A

Know

87
Q

___ ___ is inability to coagulate blood and form stable fibrin clot.

Causes:
Vitamin k deficiencies- vitamin k is needed for prothrombin, the procoagulant factors, proteins c and s. Primary source of vitamin k: green leafy veggies. Consumptive coagulopathy: imbalance in clot formation and dissolving leads to tiny clots throughout body. Platelets and clotting factors Used consumed so no clots formed, bleeding uncontrolled

A

Impaired hemostasis

88
Q

___ ___ ___ caused by many disease processes, especially sepsis. (Severe infection)

  • abnormal bleeding
  • bleeding from venipuncture
  • bleeding from arterial lines

Tx: infusion of coagulation factors, removing the cause

A

Dissemination intravascular coagulation

89
Q

___ is a fixed clot narrowing or blocking a vessel

A

Thrombus

90
Q

____ is a floating clot that moves upstream in the blood

A

Embolus

91
Q

Thromboembolic disorders is complications of many illness, decreased mobility, MAJOR CAUSE OF DEATHS. Clots lewd to ischemia*

Virchows triad is 3 factors that cause clots **

** damage to blood vessel walls due to injury

    • slowed blood flow, due to less activity
    • hupercoagubility: hereditary and acquired hypercoagulability
A

Know

92
Q

Prompt perfusion of thrombolytic agents may restore perfusion inside preventing necrosis is called a

A

Penumbra

patho exam 2 etsu (6 decks)

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