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Patho Exam 2 ETSU > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

____ is deleterious effects of hypersensitivity to environmental (exogenous) antigens

A

Allergy

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2
Q

___ is disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self antigens

A

Autoimmunity

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3
Q

___ immune reaction to tissues of another individual of same species

A

Alloimmunity

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4
Q

___ ___ is a reaction insufficient to protect the host against pathogens from foreign cells

A

Immune deficiency

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5
Q

____ is Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the host

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions like anaphylaxis or severe and systemic or cutaneous

Delayed hyper sensitivity reactions: contact dermatitis due to poison ivy

A

Hypersensitivity

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6
Q

Type ___ is mediated by IGE and product of mast cells. Most common allergic reactions are this type or environmental

** hypersensitivity types

A

Type 1

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7
Q

Type ___ is tissue specific reactions.

*hypersensitivity types

A

Type 2

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8
Q

Type ___ is immune (ANTIGEN ANTIBODY) complex mediated

*hypersensitivity types

A

Type III

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9
Q

Type ___ is CELL MEDIATED. (tc or cytokine producing Th1)

A

Type IV (4)

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10
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity

IgE mediated

Against environmental antigens (allergens)

IgE binds to Fc receptors on mast cells “sensitized”

Histamine release

A

Know

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11
Q

Manifestations of type 1 hypersensitivity

GI allergy: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain

Skin manifestations: urticaria (hives)

Mucosa allergens: conjunctivitis

Lung allergens: bronchospasm, edema, thick secretions.

Most common type one reaction ** asthmatic reaction**

A

Know

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12
Q

____ people who are genetic predisposes to develop allergies are described as

They produce more IgE

A

Atopic

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13
Q

Type 2 hypersensitivity

Specific cell or tissue is the target of immune Response

Cell is destroyed by antibodies and complement

Cell destruction through phagocytosis

Soluble antigen may enter the circulation and deposit on tissues

**ADCC is what you seen in an acute transplant rejection **

Target cell malfunction (Graves)

A

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14
Q

Type ___ hypersensitivity is immune complex mediated. Formed in CIRCULATION. Later deposited in vessel walls or extra vascular tissues

*** Not organ specific

Neutrophils Bind to antibody and complement in attempted phagocytosis

Large amounts of Lysosomal enzymes are released causing tissue damage

*raynauds phenomenon

A

Type 3 hypersensitivity

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15
Q

Type ___ hypersensitivity involves cell mediated reactions, does not involve antibody. Delayed response, you won’t see a reaction until 24-72 hours after exposure.

Ex TB skin test & RA

A

Type 4 hypersensitivity

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16
Q

Type 1,2,3 hypersensitivity are antibody mediated and type 4 is cell mediated.

A

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17
Q

____ is environmental antigens that cause atypical immunologic response. Most common reaction and almost always a type 1

A

Allergy

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18
Q

___ is when my new quantities of the allergen are injected in increasing doses over a prolonged period

Hope to reduce sensitivity to allergic reaction

A

Desensitation

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19
Q

___ results from genetic, environmental, and random factors. Breakdown of tolerance, infectious disease (rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis) Neoantigen new protein that forms on CA cells important for immune response

A

Autoimmunity

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20
Q

___ is a new protein that can form on cancer cells that is important for immune response

A

Neoantigen

21
Q

___ ___ ___ most
Common complex for all auto immune disorders. Chronic multi system inflammatory disease that involves circulating immune complexes containing antibody against host DNA.

Women ages 20-40

A

Systemic lupus erythemous

22
Q

People with lupus will have

90% of people will have arthritis

70-80% vasculitis and rash

40-50% renal dissuade

50% hematologic changes

30-50% cardiovascular disease

23
Q

11 common findings of lupus

  1. Facial rash (malar or butterfly rash)
  2. Discoid rash
  3. Photosensitivity
  4. oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers
  5. Nonerosive arthritis
  6. Serositis
  7. Renal disorder
  8. Neurological disorder
  9. Hematologic disorder
  10. Immunologic disorder
  11. Presence of ANA-98%
24
Q

___ is the immune system that reacts with antigens on the tissue of others genetically similar members of the same species.

You’ll see this with transplant rejection
Transfusion reaction
RH incompatibility- fetus in pregnancy

A

alloimmunity

25
Q

Universal recipient is type

26
Q

Universal donor is type

27
Q

Rh blood group.

Antigens only expressed on RBC
85% of North Americans are positive, have D antigens
Rh negative do not have D antigen

Rhogam given 28-29 weeks of pregnancy

28
Q

Graft rejection is an example of alloimmunity

MHC (HLA) are major target

29
Q

___ graft rejection is immediate and rare, client needs to be tested for pre existing antibody to the antigens of the graft.

A

Hyper acute graft rejection

30
Q

___ graft rejection is days to months, cell mediated immune response

A

Acute graft rejection

31
Q

___ graft rejection is months or years and weak cell mediated reaction against minor HLA antigens

A

Chronic graft rejection

32
Q

___ ____ ___ ___ - attack they recipient. Can happen after a graft, days to months. T cells in the graft are nature and capable of cell mediated destruction tissues within the recipient. Not a problem if patient is immunocompetent

Acute resolves quick

Chronic can last 12-18 months

A

Graft versus host disease GVHD

33
Q

With graft versus host diseases you may see diarrhea, or elevated bilirubin level

Lasts 12-18 months or longer

34
Q

Immune deficiency
-failure of immune mechanisms of self defense

Primary (congenital) immunodeficiency is genetic

Secondary (acquired) immunodeficiency due to cancer infection or aging process *more common

35
Q

With immune deficiencies you will have

Development of unusual or recurrent severe infections

B cell and phagocyte deficiencies- micro organism requiring opsonization

T cell deficiencies: viral, fungal, yeast, and atypical micro organisms

Complement deficiencies

36
Q

Most primary immune deficiencies are

Most are the result of a single gene defect

Generally not inherited

May appear early (2yrs) or late in life

Rare but increasing

37
Q

Secondary deficiencies

Also referred to as acquired deficiencies

Far more common than primary deficiencies

Often not clinically relevant

38
Q

Evaluation and treatment of immune deficiencies

Complete blood count with a differential

Quantitative determination of immunoglobulins

Assay for total

Treatment: 
Gamma globulin therapy 
Stem cell transplantation 
Transfusion of erythrocytes 
Bone marrow transplant 
Mesenchymal stem cell injection 
Gene therapy
39
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Syndrome caused by a viral disease

  • human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
  • depletes the body’s Th cells CD4+

Epidemiology

  • blood borne pathogen
  • heterosexual activity is most common route world wide
  • increasing factor in women than men especially in adolescents
40
Q

AIDS is the disease and hiv is the virus

41
Q

People don’t die of aids they die of the infections they get from having aids

42
Q

HIV is a retrovirus and requires a host to replicate. Genetic information is in the form of RNA. It destroys the CD4 helper T cells.

Diagnosis of aids CD4 <200/mm3

43
Q

Aids CD4 count must be

44
Q

The viral load is how many copies of the virus is in each ml of blood.

Viral load must be undetectable or less than 20 copies or it is still replicating

45
Q

CD4 needs to be within 500-1600 and if it’s below 200 you have aids

46
Q

HIV drugs can block different areas of the life cycle

47
Q

HIV clinical progression

Initial exposure 
Seriolofically negative 
Window period 
Serologically positive 
Early stages of HIV or aids 
Diagnosis of aids
48
Q

HIV treatment
Is called Antiretroviral therapy (ART)

Reduces death not cure

49
Q

Pediatric aids is transmitted during pregnancy at delivery or breast feeding, neurologic involvement common, infection progresses rapidly

Patho Exam 2 ETSU (6 decks)

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