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Patho Exam 2 ETSU > Cognitive systems > Flashcards

Cognitive systems Flashcards

1
Q

Failure to recognize the form of an object

It can be tactile, visual, auditory

A

Agnosia

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2
Q

Defect of language comprehension or production.

Usually associated with cerebrovascular accident

A

Aphasia

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3
Q

You can not speak or write language

A

Expressive aphasia

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4
Q

When you can not understand writing or someone speaking to

You

A

Receptive aphasia

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5
Q

WORST type of aphasia. Patients can’t read or write and impaired comprehension. Usually due to stroke

A

Global aphasia

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6
Q

Acute confusional states arise from brain NETWORKS, not a discrete area of the brain

A

Know

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7
Q

2-3 days to develop, seen in ICU patients or patients who are just waking up from surgery, withdrawal, and elderly.
Restless, irritable, hallucinations, tremor, don’t sleep. Elevated HR, usually goes away in couple of days

type of delirium

A

Hyperactive

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8
Q

Seen in a patient with fever or metabolic disorder. All responses are going to be decreased.

type of delirium

A

Hypoactive

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9
Q

Do not give promethazine to elderly. It causes patients to lose it.

A

Know

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10
Q

Progressive failure of many cerebral functions, including
Orientation, memory, language, judgement, and decision making.

Mechanisms 
Neuron degeneration 
Brain tissue compression 
Atherosclerosis 
Brain trauma 
Infection and neuro inflammation
A

Dementia

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11
Q

Type of dementia, second most common type of progressive dementia. Due to protein deposit in the brain; alphasynuclein)

A

Lewy body dementia

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12
Q

Leading cause of severe cognitive dysfunction in older people

A

Alzheimer’s

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13
Q

70-90% fall under this category of Alzheimer’s

A

Non hereditary sporadic or late onset AD

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14
Q

Late day confusion during the evening

A

Sun downers syndrome

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15
Q

Alzheimer’s disease is due to:
Neuritic plaques: extra cellular, amyloid beta protein
Neurofibrillary tangles: intraneuronal
They disrupt neuron transmission they attack and cause neurons to die.

Early: forgetfulness, emotional upset

Over time: memory loss, disoriented, confusion, lack of concentration, decline in abstraction, problem solving, and judgement.

*Diagnosis is made by ruling out other causes of dementia

A

Know

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16
Q

Treatment for Alzheimer’s is supportive. No cure.

A

Know

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17
Q

Caused by cerebrovascular disease
Associated with poor blood flow in the brain..

Diabetes*
Larger artery disease 
Cardio embolism (clot from heart) 
Small vessel disease of brain 
Stroke
  • type of dementia
A

Vascular dementia

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18
Q

Most likely cause of new onset confusion of post op client

A

Hypoxia

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19
Q

Sudden, transient alteration of brain function cause by abnormal excessive discharges of cortical neurons

Manifestation of disease, not a disease itself

A

Seizure

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20
Q

Seizure classification

Clinical manifestations
Site of origin in brain
Eeg correlates
Response to therapy

A

Know

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21
Q

Also called partial seizures, no loss of consciousness, one sided of brain is effected

A

Focal

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22
Q

Result in consciousness and violent muscle contractions. Involves both sides of brain. Tonic clonic or grand mal seizures

A

Generalized seizure

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23
Q

Recurrent episodes of seizures. Maybe hypoxia at birth, brain tumor or infection can cause this.

A

Epilepsy syndromes

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24
Q

*phase of a seizure

___ phase is what happens before a seizure

A

Pre-ictal phase

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25
Q

** phase of seizure

This can happen hours to days before and it’s called ___ phase

During preictal phase

A

Prodroma

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26
Q

** phase of seizure

___ phase happens immediately before seizure

During preictal phase

A

Aura phase

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27
Q

___ phase is the phase that is actually happening during the seizure

A

Ictal phase

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28
Q

___ phase when the body is rigid

*stage of seizure

During ictal phase

A

Tonic phase

29
Q

___ phase is the phase of a seizure where jerking comes into play

**stages of seizure

During ictal phase

A

Clonic

30
Q

This usually happens during the ictal phase. It is a brief loud cry you hear due to sudden contraction of chest muscles during seizure

A

Epileptic cry

31
Q

___ phase is after the seizure. Patient will usually be very weak and headache, confusion, temp paralysis.

Can last minutes to hours up to two days

A

Post ictal phase

32
Q

___ ___ is the state of continuous seizures that last longer than five minutes

A

Status epilepticus

33
Q

Treatment for seizure is to correct or control the cause. If you can’t then they have to be on seizure meds

A

Know

34
Q

___ ___ ___ is caused by an increase in intracranial CONTENT.

  • more fluid
  • more blood/ bleeding
  • more brain tissue/tumors

As pressure increases, circulating blood is squeezed out, leading to ischemia and hypoxia, brain damage.

A

Increased intracranial pressure

35
Q

___ herniation is the worst type. Pushes brain to brain stem

A

Central

36
Q

Manifestations of increased intracranial pressure is :

A

Change in level of consciousness

Headache nausea vomiting high BP.

If you see pupil changes it’s in late stages

Cushings triad (late sign): increase BP to push blood into brain, wide pulse pressure (high systolic low diastolic), low pulse rate, bounding, rapid respiratory rate (damage to central control of breathing)

37
Q

____ is the Compensatory alteration in the size of the intracranial blood vessels. Tries to maintain constant blood flow due to changes in the head due to increased cerebral pressure

A

Autoregulation

38
Q

Treatment ICP

Maintain blood flow and oxygen level

Deal with cause

Decompress the brain (surgery)

Usually use manitol and hypertonic saline

A

Know

39
Q

___ ___ is the increase in fluid either intracellular or extracellular within the brain tissue. (Not cerebrospinal fluid)

A

Cerebral edema

40
Q

Cerebral edema

What causes edema?

A

Trauma, infection, bleed, tumor, hypoxia

41
Q

___ is the most important and common to type. Leak from blood vessels, extracellular.

A

Vasogenic.

Neurological deficits,decrease in LOC

42
Q

___ ___ involves intracellular fluid

*cerebral edema types

A

Cytotoxic

43
Q

_____ is the cerebrospinal fluid
That is pushed into brain.

  • type of cerebral edema
A

Interstitial/hydrocephalic

Treatment:
*mainrain BP, osmolar (mannitol), reduce intracranial pressure.

44
Q

___ is the increased cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.

Due to overproduction, blocked circulation, or no elimination of fluid.

Has many causes.

Treat by drain fluid.

A

Hydrocephalus

45
Q

Decreased muscle tone

A

Hypotonia

46
Q

Increased muscle tone

A

Hypertonia

You will see spasticity and rigidity.

47
Q

___ is excessive, purposeless. Abnormal movement

A

Hyperkinesia

48
Q

____ dyskinesia is rare. Episodic involuntary movements like spasms

A

Paroxysmal dyskinesia

49
Q

___ dyskinesia involuntary movement of face lip tongue and extremities. Usually a side effect of certain antipsychotic drugs

A

Tardive dyskinesia

50
Q

____ syndrome is Presence of motor tics and vocal tics. Sudden, rapid and repetitive

A

Tourette syndrome

51
Q

___ ___ is an autosomal dominant hereditary degenerative disorder. Severe degeneration of the basil ganglia and cerebral cortex.
* the cause is Depletion of inhibitory GABA

Onset is 35-44 years old

Prominent jerking movements slow thinking can’t organize or plan.

No treatment

A

Huntington disease or Huntington chorea

52
Q

___ is the decrease movement

A

Hypokinesia

53
Q

___ is decrease in voluntary movements & caused by dopamine deficiency

A

Akinesia

54
Q

___ is slowness of voluntary movements

A

Bradykinesia

55
Q

____ __ ___ ___ is when the patient has movement but no movements that provide a skill or balance. Statue posture and no facial expression

A

Loss of associated movement

56
Q

Degeneration of basil ganglia with loss of dopamine producing neurons

Low dopamine, relatively high acetylcholine.

Manifestations
Tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural disturbances (forward), automatic and neuroendocrine symptoms, cognitive affective symptoms

A

Parkinson’s disease

57
Q

There are meds for Parkinson’s disease

A

Know

58
Q

___ is partial paralysis

A

Paresis

59
Q

___ is loss of motor function

A

Paralysis

60
Q

___ paralysis of upper and lower extremity on one side of the body

A

Hemiplegia or hemiparesis

61
Q

___ is paralysis of lower extremities

A

Paraplegia or paraparesis

62
Q

___ is paralysis of all four extremities due to a upper spinal cord injury.

A

Quadriplegia

63
Q

In upper neuron motor syndrome the movement can return but may be spastic

A

Know

64
Q

Lower motor neuron syndrome

Result in injury to alpha motor neurons from spinal cord to muscles

Impairs voluntary and involuntary movements

A

Know

65
Q

___ loose floppy limbs

A

Flaccid

66
Q

___ is when the muscle quivers under skin

A

Fasciculations

67
Q

___ is what we can not see. Isolated contention of one muscle fiber due to metabolic issues.

A

Fibrillation.

68
Q

___ ___ ___ is neurodegenerative disorder of upper and lower neurons. Starts with muscle weakness and progress to muscle atrophy, spasticity and loss of manual dexterity and gait.

Usually fatal from respiratory failure within a 3 year of diagnosis

Cause is unknown

Two drugs proved for treatment to prolong life & supportive

A

Amytrophic lateral sclerosis

Patho Exam 2 ETSU (6 decks)

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