Infants Flashcards
Neonates are age __ - ___
Birth-1 month
Infancy is age __ -___
1 mo- 1 yr
Rapid ___ growth and ___ dev. occurs during the 1st year
Rapid BODY growth and BRAIN dev. during the 1st year
by the end of infancy length has increased by ___%
55%
There is a ____ increase in length during the first 4 months of age
~1.25
There is an increase in length just under a ___/month from 4-6 months
inch
There is a ___/month increase in length from 7-12 months
~.5 in/mo
By the end of infancy weight has increased by ___%
↑200%
___-___% wt loss in 1st wk of life, should regain to birth wt by __-__days of age
5-10% 10-14 days
what is the cause of the drop in weight after birth (2 reasons)
loss of excess water present at birth lack of calories and volume in colostrum
Wt loss ___ or have not gained wt back in _ wks = abnormal
>10% 2 weeks
Rate of wt gain is most rapid in the first ___ ms of life and progressively ↓
3 months
From Birth to 4 mo there is a ____ lb↑/mo (weight) OR Gain of __ oz/day in first 3 months
~ 1.75 1 oz
From 5-8 months there is a __ lb/mo (weight) OR __oz/day for age 3-6 months
~1 lb
.75 oz/day
By 6 mo old the infant is ___x their brith wt, and __x birth weight (50% ↑) by 1 y/o
2x birth wt (100% ↑) 3x birth weight (50% ↑)
From 9-12 months there is an increase in weight ~ .___ lb/mo
.5
By the end of infancy Head Circumference ↑ by __% and Brain wt doubles
40% doubles
Head circumference ↑ by __% in the 1st yr of life
30%
↑ in head circumference ~__ cm/mo in the 1st 3 mo of life, then ~ 0.5 cm
2cm/mo
_____ is a Triangular shape, located between occipital and 2 parietal bones
Posterior fontanel
Posterior fontanel closes by __- __ of age
6-8 WEEKS of age
_____ is a Diamond shape at the junction of the sagittal, coronal, and frontal sutures Between the 2 frontal and 2 parietal bones 3-4 cm in length and 2-3 cm in width
Anterior fontanel
Anterior fontanel closes by __ -___ of age
12-18 MONTHS of age
By the end of infancy a child is
__x body wt
↑ length by __%
Significant ↑ in ___ size and ____
3
50%
brain size & complexity
Dentition: Eruption of teeth starts by __-__ months old→ these are the “deciduous teeth”
5-6
Transitioning diet occurs at __-__ months of age
9-12
Putting cereal in formula will help a child ____
sleep
___ is a Sensitive indicator of nutritional adequacy
Growth
To meet growth demands, infants require a high intake of ___ and adequate amounts of ___, ___, ___ and ____
calories
fat, protein, vitamins, and minerals
Infant brain growth is dependent on sufficient ___ intake and must constitute at least __% of caloric intake to meet growth and development demands
fat
30%
AAP suggests exclusive ____ in first 6 mo of life
breastfeeding
___ is the sole source of nutrition for first 6 mo of life
milk
____ is appropriate substitute or supplement to breastfeeding
Iron-fortified infant milk
Many nutrients are (↑/↓) in formula than breast milk b/c formula (is/is not) absorbed as well as breast milk
Many nutrients are ↑ in formula than breast milk b/c formula is not absorbed as well as breast milk
___ should NOT be given in first two mo of life (kidneys are not fully developed)
Free water
Exclusively breastfed infants should receive what supplements. (3 things)
Vitamin D supplements (400 IU/day) at birth
Fluoride at 6 mo
Iron rich foods should be 1st solids introduced
Addition of solid foods: B/t __-__ mo of age, when infant can ___, ___, ___
4-6
lift head, sit w/ support, turn head when full
Small window of time for acceptance of different textures bt __-__ mo
4-14 months
Honey should be avoided until at least ___
1 y/o
introduction of gluten should occur bt ___ -___
4-7 months
Introduction of gluten while infant is still being breast fed may ↓ the risk of ___, ___, and ____
Celiac Dz
type 1 DM
wheat allergy
No juice in infants ___ mo of age, unless clinically indicated
Limit juice to:
< 4 ounces/day in ___ y/o
< 6 ounces/day in ___ y/o
< 8 ounces/day in ___ y/o
<12
1-3 y/o
4-6 y/o
7-18 y/o.
Breastfeeding can ↓incidence/risk of (10) have an idea
- Respiratory infxn
- Otitis media
- GI infections
- SIDS
- Asthma
- Atopic Dermatitis
- Inflammatory bowel dz
- Obesity
- Diabetes – type 1
- Childhood leukemia & lymphoma
what are the advantages of breast feeding Neurodevelopmentally
Intelligence scores and teacher ratings significantly ↑
Benefit of breastfeeding in Preterm Infants
- ↓rates of sepsis and NEC
- ↓ hospital readmissions
- ↓ incidence of retinopathy of prematurity
- Significantly ↑ scores for mental, motor and behavior ratings
Breastfeeding Advantages for Mothers (5 things)
Delay return of ovulation thus ↑ spacing of children
Loss of pregnancy-associated adipose tissue and wt gain
Suppress post-partum bleeding (oxytocin release → uterine contraction)
↓ breast and ovarian cancers rate
In mothers who have had cumulative lactation of 12-23 months→ significant ↓of HTN, hyperlipidemia, CV dz and DM
Breastfeeding Contraindications (7)
- Galactosemia
- Certain Inborn Errors of Metabolism
- HIV+ mothers
- Mothers w/ herpes on breast
- Mothers with active TB until tx initiated
- Mothers using illicit drugs
- Mothers taking antimetabolite chemotherapy
Indications for infant formula (4)
- Mother chooses not to breastfeed
- Breastfeeding is contraindicated
- Supplement breastfeeding for infants not taking adequate breast milk to support growth
- Fortify expressed breast milk for infants requiring more calories, protein, vitamins, and minerals
what are the Formula Preparation options?
ready to feed
concentrate (mix with H2O)
Powder (mix with H2O)
Indications for Hydrolyzed Protein Formulas
- Cow milk protein allergy
- Soy protein allergy
- Galactosemia
- Colic
Contraindications of soy protein formula
Cow milk protein enterocolitis/enteropathy (likely to be sensitized to soy as well)
Premature infants
Indications for soy protein formula? (4)
- IgE-mediated allergy to cow milk protein?
- Probably not as 10 -14% have soy protein allergy
- Galactosemia
- Vegan diet preference
What are the Major Developmental Goals in Infancy
Attachment and Trust
Self-regulation (feeding, sleeping, calming)
Adaptation
what are adaptation developemental goals for infants (4)
B- aby’s temperament
- Reading/responding to baby’s cues
- “Goodness of fit” w/in family
- Developmental stimulation: physical, cognitive, language, social, emotional
Special Concerns for infant development (6)
- Feeding (wt gain, lack of interest)
- Sleep patterns
- Temperament (irritable, inconsolable)
- Developmental delays
- Parent-Infant interaction
- Failure to Thrive
Cognitive dev matching : Recognizes facial expressions as similar even on different people
Newborn Infant
2-6 months old
6-12 months
Newborn Infant
Cognitive dev matching
Has discovered hands, learns to manipulate objects
Explores by putting everything in the mouth
Object permanence
- newborn infant
- 2-6 months
- 6-12 months
- 6-12 months
cognitive dev. mathcing
Much more social (actively looking around)
Exploring environment and self (looking at hands)
- newborn infant
- 2-6 months
- 6-12 months
6-12 months
stagrner anxiety occurs bt __- __ mo old
2-6 months old
what heading tets is performed at birth and does it test (conductive/sensory /or mixed hearing )
BAER (Brainstem Audio Evoked Response) hearing test done at birth (tets conductive hearing)
Anticipatory guidance: Newborn and 1st week might include (5)
infant care
SIDS risk reduction
breastfeeding
prevention of shaken baby syndrome
“purple crying”
What may you address during anticipatory guidance of Newborn and 1st week
Hold, cuddle, and rock baby to comfort him; never shake or hit baby
Put baby down to sleep on their back to reduce SIDS risk
Learn baby’s signs of hunger and fullness
Colic- crying for >3 hrs in a 24 hr period (usually initiates at 2-3 wks after birth)
Anticipatory guidance : Infancy (1-11 months) Might include (5)
parent-infant interaction
infant safety seat and crib safety
childproofing home
sleep positioning
introduction of solids
What may you address during anticipatory guidance of infancy (1-11 months) (4)
Get to know baby’s temperament→ can understand and respond to his needs
Lower the crib mattress when baby begins to stand in the crib
Put medicines, poisons, and small and sharp objects out of baby’s reach
Wait until baby is ready before offering the baby pureed or soft foods (~ 6 mo)
