Infancy And Toddlerhood Flashcards
Age period of infancy and toddlerhood.
Birth to age 3
The brain grows in complexity and is highly sensitive to _ influences.
Environmental
Physical growth and development of _ skills are rapid.
Motor skills
Use of symbols and ability to solve problems developed by the end of _.
2nd year
What is the cognitive development in this period?
Comprehension and use of language
What are the 2 principles of development?
Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
Development occurs from head to toe.
Cephalocaudal
Development occurs from the center of the body to the extremities.
Proximodistal
Teething occurs at the _ or _ month.
3 or 4
Months of arrival of the first tooth.
5th- 9th
Year where the teeth are complete.
3rd year
Automatic involuntary response to a stimuli.
Reflexes
What are the 3 types of reflexes?
Primitive
Postural
Locomotor
Reflex related to instinctive needs from survival and protection.
Primitive
Reflexes as reactions to changes in position or balance.
Postural
Reflexes that resemble voluntary movements that do not appear until months after the reflexes have disappeared.
Locomotor
Reflex when the baby is dropped or hears a loud noise. It extends legs, arms, fingers, arches draw and draws back head.
Moro reflex
Grasping reflex or when the baby’s hand is stroked.
Darwinian reflex
Reflex when the baby is laid down on back where it turns head to one side, assumes fencer position, extends arm and leg on preferred side and flexes opposite limbs.
Tonic neck
Reflex when the sole of the baby’s foot is stroked.
Babinski
Reflex when both of the baby’s palms are stroked at once.
Babkin
Reflex when baby’s cheek or lower lip is stroked with finger or nipple and sucking movement begins.
Rooting reflex
Reflex where baby makes step like motions that look like well coordinated walking.
Walking reflex
Baby’s reflex where it makes a well coordinated swimming movement.
Swimming
Early sensory capacity, the first to develop and the fastest to mature; by 32nd week of gestation, the whole body is sensitive to it.
Touch and pain
Early sensory capacities that develop in the womb; the preference to mother’s milk.
Smell and Taste
Least sense at birth.
Sight
Use of the eyes to guide movements of the hands or other parts of the body.
Visual Guidance
Ability to perceive objects and surfaces three dimensionally.
Depth Perception
Ability to acquire information about properties of objects, such as size, weight and texture by handling them.
Haptic Perception
Motor development is a continuous process of interaction between the baby and the environment.
Thelen’s Dynamic Systems Theory
The inability to remember events before 2 years old.
Infantile Amnesia
Psychometric test that seek to measure intelligence by comparing a test-taker’s performance with standardized norms.
Intelligence Quotient Test
Psychometric test that compares a baby’s performance on a series of tasks with standardized norms for particular ages.
Developmental Test
Standardized test of infants’ and toddler’s mental and motor development.
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
Piaget’s term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations.
Schemes
Processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance.
Circular reactions
What are the 6 substages of the sensorimotor stage?
- Use of reflexes (birth to 1 month)
- Primary circular reactions (1-4 mos)
- Secondary circular reactions (4-8 mos)
- Coordination of secondary schemes (8-12 mos)
- Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 mos)
- Mental combinations (18-24 mos)
The substage of the sensorimotor stage where they do not grasp an object they are looking at.
Use of reflexes
A substage of the sensorimotor stage where infants repeat pleasurable behaviors that first occur by chance. Activities focus on the infant’s body rather than the effects of behavior on the environment.
Primary circular reactions
A substage of the sensorimotor stage where infants become more interested in the environment; they repeat actions that bring interesting results and prolong interesting experiences.
Secondary circular reactions
A substage of sensorimotor stage where they have learned to generalize from past experience to solve new problems. This substage marks the development of complex, goal-directed behavior.
Coordination of Secondary Schemes
A substage of sensorimotor stage where toddlers show curiosity and experimentation, they purposefully vary their actions to see results.
Tertiary circular reactions
A substage of sensorimotor stage where it transitions to the pre operational stage. Development of representational ability and symbolic thoughts enables them to begin to think about events and anticipate their consequences without always resorting to action. They begin to demonstrate insight.
Mental combinations
Imitation with parts of one’s body that one cannot see.
Invisible imitation.
Imitation with parts of one’s body can see.
Visible imitation
Reproduction of an observed beg for after the passage of time by calling up a stored symbol of it.
Deferred imitation
The term for understanding that a person or object still exists when out of sight. Develops during the 4th substage and fully achieved during the 6th substage of sensorimotor stage.
Object Permanence
Intentional representations of reality.
Symbols
Focuses on perception, learning, memory and problem solving. It aims to discover how children process information from the time they encounter it until they use it.
Information Processing Approach
A type of learning in which repeated or continuous exposure to a stimulus reduces attention to that stimulus.
Habitation
Increase in responsiveness after presentation of new stimulus.
Dishabituation
Tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another; it is based on the ability to make visual distinctions.
Visual Preference
Tendency to prefer on familiar things.
Novelty preference
Ability to distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar one when shown both at the same time.
Visual recognition memory
The ability to use information gained by one sense to guide another.
Cross-Modal transfer
Forerunner of linguistic speech; utterance of sounds that are not words. Includes crying, cooing, babbling and accidental imitation of sounds without understanding its meaning.
Prelinguistic Speech
Verbal expression designed to convey meaning.
Linguistic speech
Single words that convey a complete thought.
Holophrase
Early form of sentence use consists of only a few essential words.
Telegraphic Words
Rules for forming sentences in a particular language.
Syntax
The relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought and behavior that makes a person unique.
Personality
Subjective reactions to experiences that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes.
Emotions
What are the early signs of emotion?
Crying
Laughing and smiling
What are the 4 patterns of crying?
Hunger cry (rhymic)
Angry cry (variation of rhythmic)
Pain cry (sudden onset of loud cry)
Frustration cry (2 or 3 drawn-out cry)
Acting out of concern for a stranger with no expectation of reward.
Altruistic Helping
The ability to put oneself in another person’s place and feel what the other person feels.
Empathy
Characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations.
Temperament
What are the 3 temperament types?
Easy children
Difficult children
Slow to warm up children
