Emerging Adulthood to Young Adulthood Flashcards
Proposed transitional period between adolescent and adulthood.
Emerging adulthood/Young adulthood
Using sociological definitions, people may be considered __, when they are self supporting or have chosen a career, have married or formed a significant romantic partnership or have started a family.
Adults
Onset of adulthood is marked, not just by external criteria but by such __ indicators as a sense of autonomy, self-control and personal responsibility.
Internal indicator
What are the criteria defining adulthood?
Accepting responsibility for oneself
Making independent decisions
Becoming financially independent
Emerging and young adults have the _ poverty rate and _ level of health insurance of any age group.
Highest poverty rate
Lowest level of health insurance
Many emerging and young adults often go without adequate __.
Sleep
Higher income people rate their health as __ and live _ than lower income people.
Better; longer
The less schooling people have had a greater chance that they will develop __ diseases or chronic ailments or become a victim of __ or __.
Communicable diseases
Homicide/Suicide
Better educated and more affluent people tend to have __ diets and __ health care and medical treatment.
Healthier; better preventive
Active engagement in a broad range of social relationships, activities and roles; related to lower mortality rates.
Social Integration
Refers to material, informational and psychological resources derived from the social network, on which a person can rely for help in coping with stress.
Social Support
For most emerging adults, mental health and well being __ and problem behaviors __.
Improve
Diminish
The overall prevalence of antisocial behavior __ during adulthood.
Drops
Adolescence and emerging adulthood appear to be sensitive periods for the onset of __ disorders. Between ages 15 and 22, the incidence of it increases gradually.
Depressive disorders
Emerging adults tend to have __ sexual partners than in older age groups and have __ sex frequently.
More
Less
Most commonly used contraceptive
Condoms
A disorder that produces physical discomfort and emotional tension for up to two weeks before menstrual period.
PMS
Type of logical thinking that may emerge in adulthood, involving continuous, active evaluation of information and beliefs in the light of evidence and implications.
Reflective thinking
Reflective thinking is a complex form of cognition, first defined by the American Philosopher and educator.
John Dewey
The capacity for reflective thinking seems to emerge between ages __.
20 and 25
Not until the emergence of reflective thinking are the __ regions of the brain that handle higher level thinking fully myelinated.
Cortical regions.
Matured type of thinking that relies on subjective experience and intuition as well as logic and is useful in dealing with uncertainty, contradiction and compromise.
Postformal Thought
Postformal thought generally begins in emerging adulthood, often through exposure to __.
Higher education
The ability to think within at least two different logical systems and to shift back and forth between abstract reasoning and practical, real-world considerations. This is one of the criteria for postformal thought.
Shifting Gears
This is one of the criteria for postformal thought. Ability to define a problem as falling within a class or category of logical problems and to define its parameters.
Problem definition
Ability to see what a problem can be solved either through a process, with general application to similar problems, or through a product, a concrete solution to the particular problem. This is one of the criteria for postformal thought.
Process-product shift
This is one of the criteria for postformal thought. Ability to choose the best of several possible logical solutions and to recognize criteria for choosing.
Pragmatism
Awareness that most problems have more than one cause, that people may have differing goals and that a variety of methods can be used to arrive at more than one solution. This is one of the criteria for postformal thought.
Multiple solutions
This is one of the criteria for postformal thought. Recognition that a problem or solution involves incoherent conflict.
Awareness of paradox
This is one of the criteria for postformal thought. A person’s awareness that he or she must be the judge of which logic to use: in other words, that he or she is using postformal thought.
Self-referential thought
Schaie’s seven stages that revolve around motivating goals that come to the fore at various stages of life.
A life span model of cognitive development
What are the 7 stages of life span model of cognitive development?
Acquisitive stages
Achieving stage
Responsible stage
Executive stage
Reorganizational stage
Reintegrative stage
Legacy- creating stage
The stage of Schaie’s life span model of cognitive development where children and adolescents acquire information and skills mainly for their own sake or as a participation in society.
Acquisitive stage
The stage of Schaie’s life span model of cognitive development for late teens or early 20’s to early 30’s. Young adults no longer acquire knowledge merely for its own sake; they use what they know to pursue goals, such as career and family.
Achieving Stage
The stage of Schaie’s life span model of cognitive development for the late 30’s to early 60’s. Middle aged people use their minds to solve practical problems associated with responsibilities to others, such as family members or employees.
Responsible stage
The stage of Schaie’s life span model of cognitive development for the 30’s of 40’s through middle age. People are responsible for societal systems or social movements. They deal with complex relationships on multiple levels.
Executive stage
The stage of Schaie’s life span model of cognitive development for the end of middle age to the beginning of late adulthood. People who either enter retirement reorganize their lives and intellectual energies around meaningful pursuits that take the place of paid work.
Reorganizational stage
The stage of Schaie’s life span model of cognitive development for the late adulthood. Older adults may be experiencing biological and cognitive changes and tend to be more selective about what tasks they expend effort to, concentrating on tasks that have most meaning for them.
Reintegrative stage
The stage of Schaie’s life span model of cognitive development for advanced old age. Older people may create instructions for the disposition of their possessions, funeral arrangements, oral and written histories/life stories as a legacy for their loved ones.
Legacy-creating stage
According to him, advancement to the 3rd level of moral reasoning- fully principled, post conventional morality is chiefly a function of experience.
Kohlberg
Most people do not reach the level of post conventional morality until their __.
20’s
Some adults offer personal experiences as reasons for their answers to __.
Moral dilemmas
She suggested that a woman’s central moral dilemma is the conflict between her needs and those of others.
Carol Gilligan
Gilligan concluded that __ think less about abstract justice and fairness and more about their responsibilities to specific people.
Women
Emerging adulthood offers a __, or time out from developmental pressures and the freedom to experiment with various roles and lifestyles but it also represents a turning point during which adult role commitments gradually crystallize.
Moratorium
Until and unless identity development is accomplished, however, __ may set in.
Identity confusion.
Process that underlies the shift on adult identity. It is a 4 stage process in which power, responsibility and decision making gradually shift from the family of origin to the independent young adult.
Recentering
The stage of recentering where the individual is still embedded in the family of origin but expectations for self reliance and self directedness begin to increase.
Stage 1
The stage of recentering where the individual remains connected and may be financially dependent on but no longer embedded within the family of origin.
Stage 2
The stage of recentering where the individual moves into young adulthood, marked by independence from the family of origin and commitment to a career, a partner, and possibly children. Usually by age 30.
Stage 3
Theoretical models that describe psychosocial development in terms of a definite sequence of age-related normative changes.
Normative stage models
Changes that seem to be common to most members of a population, and they emerge in successive periods or stages, sometimes marked by emotional crises that pave the way for further development.
Normative stage models
Theoretical models of personality development that describes adult psychosocial development as a response to the expected or unexpected occurrence and timing of important life events.
Timing-of-Events Model
Commonly expected life experiences that occur at customary times.
Normative life events
Set of cultural norms of expectations for the times of life when certain important events such as marriage, parenthood, entry into work, and retirement should occur.
Social clocks
Theoretical models of personality development that focus on mental, emotional, temperamental and behavioral traits or attributes.
Trait model
Theoretical models of personality, developed by Costa and McCrae, based on the Big 5 factors.
Five-factor model
Theoretical approach that identifies broad personality types of styles such as Ego-resilient, over controlled and under controlled.
Typological Models
People are well-adjusted, self confident, independent, articulate, attentive, helpful, cooperative and task-focused.
Ego resilient
People are shy, quiet, anxious and dependable. They tend to keep their thoughts to themselves and to withdraw from conflict, and they are the most subject to depression.
Overcontrolled
People are active, energetic, impulsive, stubborn and easily distracted.
Undercontrolled
He saw the development of intimate relationships as a crucial task of young adulthood.
Erikson
Friendship during emerging adulthood may be __ stable than in earlier and later periods.
Less
In most societies, the institution of _ is considered the best way to ensure the protection and raising of children.
Marriage
What are the 4 perspectives on women’s happiness in marriage?
Companionate model
Institutional model
Equity model
Gender model
This model holds that egalitarian marriages, in which both husband and wife share work and family responsibilities are likely to be happiest and the most intimate.
Companionate model
This model suggests that women are happier in marriage if they are committed to the traditional institution of marriage.
Institutional model
This model claims that a woman’s perception of fairness in the marriage and not the actual division of labor affects marital quality.
Equity Model
This model suggests that women are happiest in marriages characterized by gender-typical roles.
Gender model
New parents experience some _ about the responsibility of caring for a child, the commitment of time and energy it entails and the feeling of permanence that parenthood imposes on marriage.
Anxiety
Marital satisfaction typically _ during the childbearing years.
Declines
In most cases, the burdens of a dual-earner lifestyle fall most heavily on the __.
Women
__ workplace policies may help alleviate marital stress.
Family-friendly workplace
Ages for this period
Age 20-40
