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Developmental Psychology > Developmental Theories > Flashcards

Developmental Theories Flashcards

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1
Q

An Austrian Psychologist; Father of Psychoanalysis. He believes that the changes where due to inner gives especially biological maturation.

A

Sigmund Freud

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2
Q

What are the levels of consciousness by Freud?

A

Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious

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3
Q

The area where unconscious information are easily brought about.

A

Preconscious

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4
Q

Repressed feelings, thoughts and memories.

A

Unconscious

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5
Q

Structure of the Mind by Freud was composed of?

A

Id
Ego
Superego

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6
Q

Which among the structure of the mind has existed since birth and operates the primary process (gratification of urges)?

A

Id

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7
Q

What process does the ego operate and when did it exist?

A

Secondary process (bring into contact to reality)
Infancy

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8
Q

Superego is guided by what principle and when did it exist?

A

Moral principle
Since the child was indoctrinated by moral values

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9
Q

Its desire is perfection and controls the id.

A

Superego

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10
Q

A characteristic from an early stage of life which still exists until adulthood. It happens if there is too much gratification or frustration of a need.

A

Fixation

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11
Q

A defense mechanism which makes the person return from a moment to an early effective way to avoid anxiety.

A

Regression

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12
Q

Psychosocial development’s phases and their ages:

A

Oral Phase (0- 1 1/2 yrs)
Anal Phase (1 1/2- 3 yrs)
Phallic Phase (3-6 yrs)
Latency Period (6 yrs to puberty)
Genital Period (puberty to adulthood)

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13
Q

In the oral phase, the baby’s chief source of pleasure involves _ activities.

A

Mouth-oriented

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14
Q

Too much gratification of the oral phase may lead to what?

A

Oral aggressiveness

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15
Q

For anal phase, the zone of gratification is _, while _ is an important activity.

A

Anal region
Toilet training

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16
Q

If a child fights back over toilet training, they develop such character (loves to spend, expressive).

A

Anal expulsive

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17
Q

If feces was disgusted, the person becomes either stingy or over clean.

A

Anal compulsive

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18
Q

In this phase, child becomes attached to the parent of the opposite sex and later identifies with the same-sex parent. The zone of gratification shifts to _.

A

Phallic Phase
Genitals

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19
Q

In which phase does the superego develops?

A

Phallic

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20
Q

Erotic love of son to his mother, followed by castration anxiety making the superego of men stronger.

A

Oedipus Complex

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21
Q

Erotic love of a daughter to his father, after being hostile to his mother for making her without a penis, but later without any anxiety giving up the desire, giving her a weaker superego.

A

Penis Envy

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22
Q

The period where the sexual desire is repressed because they are discouraged by parents. The psychic energy is directed to school, hobbies, friendship and other non sexual activities.

A

Latency period

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23
Q

Reemergence of sexual impulses of the phallic stage, channelled into mature adult sexuality.

A

Genital Period

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24
Q

Unfolding to stages.

A

Epigenesis

25
Q

What is the composition of Psychosocial Development and who developed it?

A

Erik Erikson

Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs Guilt
Industry vs Inferiority
Identity vs Identity Confusion
Intimacy vs Isolation
Generativity vs Stagnation
Integrity vs Despair

26
Q

Basic trust and mistrust occurs on what period and virtue?

A

Infancy (birth to 12 mos)
Hope

27
Q

What is the virtue of autonomy vs shame and doubt and when does it occur?

A

Will
12-18 mos

28
Q

Its virtue is Purpose and it occurs from 3-6 years of age.

A

Initiative vs Guilt

29
Q

What is the virtue in Industry vs Inferiority and when does it occur?

A

Skill
6 to puberty

30
Q

What crisis do people from puberty to young adulthood experience and what virtue does it withhold?

A

Identity vs Identity Confusion
Fidelity

31
Q

Intimacy vs Isolation’s virtue and when?

A

Love
Young adulthood

32
Q

Middle adults are concerned with establishing and guiding the next generation or else feels personal impoverishment. What crisis and virtue it is?

A

Generativity vs stagnation
Care

33
Q

Integrity vs Despair is experienced in what period and virtue?

A

Late adulthood
Wisdom

34
Q

Who developed the cognitive stages of development and what are the stages?

A

Jean Piaget
Sensorimotor stage
Pre operational Stage
Concrete Operational stage
Formal operations

35
Q

Cognitive stage where infant (until 2 years old) gradually becomes able to organize activities in relation to the environment through sensory and motor activity.

A

Sensorimotor stage

36
Q

In preoperational stage, the child develops a representational system and uses _ to represent people, places and events. Language and _ play ate important manifestations of this stage.

A

Symbols
Imaginative play

37
Q

What ages do children enter the pre operational stage?

A

2-7 years

38
Q

What ages do children enter the concrete operational stage?

A

7-11 years

39
Q

The cognitive stage for 11 years through adulthood.

A

Formal Operations

40
Q

In this stage, children can solve problems logically if they are focused on the here and now but cannot think abstractly.

A

Concrete Operational Stage

41
Q

In this cognitive stage, a person can think abstractly, deal with hypothetical situations and think about possibilities.

A

Formal Operational Stage

42
Q

Quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior. It seeks to determine the difference among people because of the differences in their environment, genes and combination of these.

A

Behavioral Genetics

43
Q

Statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population, expressed as a number ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 as the highest.

A

Heritability

44
Q

If there is a strong correlation among the traits within the family, therefore it may be due to heredity. What kind of study should be conducted for this?

A

Family studies

45
Q

A study that separates the environment from genetic influence. It investigates the similarities of the adopted could to his adopted patents or to his biological parents.

A

Adoption studies

46
Q

A study where the behavioral similarity of identical and fraternal twins are compared.

A

Twin studies

47
Q

The potential expression of a hereditary trait.

A

Reaction range

48
Q

Certain behaviors develop along genetically dug channels but there are altered because of an extreme change in environment.

A

Canalization

49
Q

It is the effect of similar environmental conditions on genetically different individuals.

A

Genotype-Environment Interaction

50
Q

Genetic and environmental influences are in the same direction.

A

Genotype-Environment Correlation

51
Q

What are the 3 ways of correlation?

A

Passive correlations
Reactive/Evocative Correlations
Active Correlation

52
Q

A way of correlation where the environment was created by the biological parent of the same trait. The child doesn’t have control over the condition.

A

Passive correlation

53
Q

A way of correlation where the environment was created by the parent to support the early signs of dispositions. The parents react to the genetic make up of the child.

A

Reactive/Evocative Correlations

54
Q

A way of correlations where the person seeks an environment that is compatible with his genotype. It is also called niche-picking.

A

Active Correlation

55
Q

It refers to the parent’s personalities and intellectual orientation, the families socio-economic status.

A

Shared Environmental Experience

56
Q

The child’s own unique experiences, both within the family and outside the family, are not shared by another sibling.

A

Nonshared Environmental Experiences

57
Q

A view that emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between hereditary and environment.

A

Epigenetic view

58
Q

What are the characteristics influenced by heredity and environment?

A

Physiological traits
Intelligence
Personality and Psychopathology
Temperament
Schizophrenia

Developmental Psychology (11 decks)

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