Developmental Theories

Question 1

An Austrian Psychologist; Father of Psychoanalysis. He believes that the changes where due to inner gives especially biological maturation.

Answer 1

Sigmund Freud

Question 2

What are the levels of consciousness by Freud?

Answer 2

Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious

Question 3

The area where unconscious information are easily brought about.

Answer 3

Preconscious

Question 4

Repressed feelings, thoughts and memories.

Answer 4

Unconscious

Question 5

Structure of the Mind by Freud was composed of?

Answer 5

Id
Ego
Superego

Question 6

Which among the structure of the mind has existed since birth and operates the primary process (gratification of urges)?

Answer 6

Id

Question 7

What process does the ego operate and when did it exist?

Answer 7

Secondary process (bring into contact to reality)
Infancy

Question 8

Superego is guided by what principle and when did it exist?

Answer 8

Moral principle
Since the child was indoctrinated by moral values

Question 9

Its desire is perfection and controls the id.

Answer 9

Superego

Question 10

A characteristic from an early stage of life which still exists until adulthood. It happens if there is too much gratification or frustration of a need.

Answer 10

Fixation

Question 11

A defense mechanism which makes the person return from a moment to an early effective way to avoid anxiety.

Answer 11

Regression

Question 12

Psychosocial development’s phases and their ages:

Answer 12

Oral Phase (0- 1 1/2 yrs)
Anal Phase (1 1/2- 3 yrs)
Phallic Phase (3-6 yrs)
Latency Period (6 yrs to puberty)
Genital Period (puberty to adulthood)

Question 13

In the oral phase, the baby’s chief source of pleasure involves _ activities.

Answer 13

Mouth-oriented

Question 14

Too much gratification of the oral phase may lead to what?

Answer 14

Oral aggressiveness

Question 15

For anal phase, the zone of gratification is _, while _ is an important activity.

Answer 15

Anal region
Toilet training

Question 16

If a child fights back over toilet training, they develop such character (loves to spend, expressive).

Answer 16

Anal expulsive

Question 17

If feces was disgusted, the person becomes either stingy or over clean.

Answer 17

Anal compulsive

Question 18

In this phase, child becomes attached to the parent of the opposite sex and later identifies with the same-sex parent. The zone of gratification shifts to _.

Answer 18

Phallic Phase
Genitals

Question 19

In which phase does the superego develops?

Answer 19

Phallic

Question 20

Erotic love of son to his mother, followed by castration anxiety making the superego of men stronger.

Answer 20

Oedipus Complex

Question 21

Erotic love of a daughter to his father, after being hostile to his mother for making her without a penis, but later without any anxiety giving up the desire, giving her a weaker superego.

Answer 21

Penis Envy

Question 22

The period where the sexual desire is repressed because they are discouraged by parents. The psychic energy is directed to school, hobbies, friendship and other non sexual activities.

Answer 22

Latency period

Question 23

Reemergence of sexual impulses of the phallic stage, channelled into mature adult sexuality.

Answer 23

Genital Period

Question 24

Unfolding to stages.

Answer 24

Epigenesis

Question 25

What is the composition of Psychosocial Development and who developed it?

Answer 25

Erik Erikson Trust vs Mistrust Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt Initiative vs Guilt Industry vs Inferiority Identity vs Identity Confusion Intimacy vs Isolation Generativity vs Stagnation Integrity vs Despair

Question 26

Basic trust and mistrust occurs on what period and virtue?

Answer 26

Infancy (birth to 12 mos) Hope

Question 27

What is the virtue of autonomy vs shame and doubt and when does it occur?

Answer 27

Will 12-18 mos

Question 28

Its virtue is Purpose and it occurs from 3-6 years of age.

Answer 28

Initiative vs Guilt

Question 29

What is the virtue in Industry vs Inferiority and when does it occur?

Answer 29

Skill 6 to puberty

Question 30

What crisis do people from puberty to young adulthood experience and what virtue does it withhold?

Answer 30

Identity vs Identity Confusion Fidelity

Question 31

Intimacy vs Isolation's virtue and when?

Answer 31

Love Young adulthood

Question 32

Middle adults are concerned with establishing and guiding the next generation or else feels personal impoverishment. What crisis and virtue it is?

Answer 32

Generativity vs stagnation Care

Question 33

Integrity vs Despair is experienced in what period and virtue?

Answer 33

Late adulthood Wisdom

Question 34

Who developed the cognitive stages of development and what are the stages?

Answer 34

Jean Piaget Sensorimotor stage Pre operational Stage Concrete Operational stage Formal operations

Question 35

Cognitive stage where infant (until 2 years old) gradually becomes able to organize activities in relation to the environment through sensory and motor activity.

Answer 35

Sensorimotor stage

Question 36

In preoperational stage, the child develops a representational system and uses _ to represent people, places and events. Language and _ play ate important manifestations of this stage.

Answer 36

Symbols Imaginative play

Question 37

What ages do children enter the pre operational stage?

Answer 37

2-7 years

Question 38

What ages do children enter the concrete operational stage?

Answer 38

7-11 years

Question 39

The cognitive stage for 11 years through adulthood.

Answer 39

Formal Operations

Question 40

In this stage, children can solve problems logically if they are focused on the here and now but cannot think abstractly.

Answer 40

Concrete Operational Stage

Question 41

In this cognitive stage, a person can think abstractly, deal with hypothetical situations and think about possibilities.

Answer 41

Formal Operational Stage

Question 42

Quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior. It seeks to determine the difference among people because of the differences in their environment, genes and combination of these.

Answer 42

Behavioral Genetics

Question 43

Statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population, expressed as a number ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 as the highest.

Answer 43

Heritability

Question 44

If there is a strong correlation among the traits within the family, therefore it may be due to heredity. What kind of study should be conducted for this?

Answer 44

Family studies

Question 45

A study that separates the environment from genetic influence. It investigates the similarities of the adopted could to his adopted patents or to his biological parents.

Answer 45

Adoption studies

Question 46

A study where the behavioral similarity of identical and fraternal twins are compared.

Answer 46

Twin studies

Question 47

The potential expression of a hereditary trait.

Answer 47

Reaction range

Question 48

Certain behaviors develop along genetically dug channels but there are altered because of an extreme change in environment.

Answer 48

Canalization

Question 49

It is the effect of similar environmental conditions on genetically different individuals.

Answer 49

Genotype-Environment Interaction

Question 50

Genetic and environmental influences are in the same direction.

Answer 50

Genotype-Environment Correlation

Question 51

What are the 3 ways of correlation?

Answer 51

Passive correlations Reactive/Evocative Correlations Active Correlation

Question 52

A way of correlation where the environment was created by the biological parent of the same trait. The child doesn't have control over the condition.

Answer 52

Passive correlation

Question 53

A way of correlation where the environment was created by the parent to support the early signs of dispositions. The parents react to the genetic make up of the child.

Answer 53

Reactive/Evocative Correlations

Question 54

A way of correlations where the person seeks an environment that is compatible with his genotype. It is also called niche-picking.

Answer 54

Active Correlation

Question 55

It refers to the parent's personalities and intellectual orientation, the families socio-economic status.

Answer 55

Shared Environmental Experience

Question 56

The child's own unique experiences, both within the family and outside the family, are not shared by another sibling.

Answer 56

Nonshared Environmental Experiences

Question 57

A view that emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between hereditary and environment.

Answer 57

Epigenetic view

Question 58

What are the characteristics influenced by heredity and environment?

Answer 58

Physiological traits Intelligence Personality and Psychopathology Temperament Schizophrenia