Developmental Theories Flashcards
An Austrian Psychologist; Father of Psychoanalysis. He believes that the changes where due to inner gives especially biological maturation.
Sigmund Freud
What are the levels of consciousness by Freud?
Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious
The area where unconscious information are easily brought about.
Preconscious
Repressed feelings, thoughts and memories.
Unconscious
Structure of the Mind by Freud was composed of?
Id
Ego
Superego
Which among the structure of the mind has existed since birth and operates the primary process (gratification of urges)?
Id
What process does the ego operate and when did it exist?
Secondary process (bring into contact to reality)
Infancy
Superego is guided by what principle and when did it exist?
Moral principle
Since the child was indoctrinated by moral values
Its desire is perfection and controls the id.
Superego
A characteristic from an early stage of life which still exists until adulthood. It happens if there is too much gratification or frustration of a need.
Fixation
A defense mechanism which makes the person return from a moment to an early effective way to avoid anxiety.
Regression
Psychosocial development’s phases and their ages:
Oral Phase (0- 1 1/2 yrs)
Anal Phase (1 1/2- 3 yrs)
Phallic Phase (3-6 yrs)
Latency Period (6 yrs to puberty)
Genital Period (puberty to adulthood)
In the oral phase, the baby’s chief source of pleasure involves _ activities.
Mouth-oriented
Too much gratification of the oral phase may lead to what?
Oral aggressiveness
For anal phase, the zone of gratification is _, while _ is an important activity.
Anal region
Toilet training
If a child fights back over toilet training, they develop such character (loves to spend, expressive).
Anal expulsive
If feces was disgusted, the person becomes either stingy or over clean.
Anal compulsive
In this phase, child becomes attached to the parent of the opposite sex and later identifies with the same-sex parent. The zone of gratification shifts to _.
Phallic Phase
Genitals
In which phase does the superego develops?
Phallic
Erotic love of son to his mother, followed by castration anxiety making the superego of men stronger.
Oedipus Complex
Erotic love of a daughter to his father, after being hostile to his mother for making her without a penis, but later without any anxiety giving up the desire, giving her a weaker superego.
Penis Envy
The period where the sexual desire is repressed because they are discouraged by parents. The psychic energy is directed to school, hobbies, friendship and other non sexual activities.
Latency period
Reemergence of sexual impulses of the phallic stage, channelled into mature adult sexuality.
Genital Period
Unfolding to stages.
Epigenesis
What is the composition of Psychosocial Development and who developed it?
Erik Erikson
Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs Guilt
Industry vs Inferiority
Identity vs Identity Confusion
Intimacy vs Isolation
Generativity vs Stagnation
Integrity vs Despair
Basic trust and mistrust occurs on what period and virtue?
Infancy (birth to 12 mos)
Hope
What is the virtue of autonomy vs shame and doubt and when does it occur?
Will
12-18 mos
Its virtue is Purpose and it occurs from 3-6 years of age.
Initiative vs Guilt
What is the virtue in Industry vs Inferiority and when does it occur?
Skill
6 to puberty
What crisis do people from puberty to young adulthood experience and what virtue does it withhold?
Identity vs Identity Confusion
Fidelity
Intimacy vs Isolation’s virtue and when?
Love
Young adulthood
Middle adults are concerned with establishing and guiding the next generation or else feels personal impoverishment. What crisis and virtue it is?
Generativity vs stagnation
Care
Integrity vs Despair is experienced in what period and virtue?
Late adulthood
Wisdom
Who developed the cognitive stages of development and what are the stages?
Jean Piaget
Sensorimotor stage
Pre operational Stage
Concrete Operational stage
Formal operations
Cognitive stage where infant (until 2 years old) gradually becomes able to organize activities in relation to the environment through sensory and motor activity.
Sensorimotor stage
In preoperational stage, the child develops a representational system and uses _ to represent people, places and events. Language and _ play ate important manifestations of this stage.
Symbols
Imaginative play
What ages do children enter the pre operational stage?
2-7 years
What ages do children enter the concrete operational stage?
7-11 years
The cognitive stage for 11 years through adulthood.
Formal Operations
In this stage, children can solve problems logically if they are focused on the here and now but cannot think abstractly.
Concrete Operational Stage
In this cognitive stage, a person can think abstractly, deal with hypothetical situations and think about possibilities.
Formal Operational Stage
Quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior. It seeks to determine the difference among people because of the differences in their environment, genes and combination of these.
Behavioral Genetics
Statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population, expressed as a number ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 as the highest.
Heritability
If there is a strong correlation among the traits within the family, therefore it may be due to heredity. What kind of study should be conducted for this?
Family studies
A study that separates the environment from genetic influence. It investigates the similarities of the adopted could to his adopted patents or to his biological parents.
Adoption studies
A study where the behavioral similarity of identical and fraternal twins are compared.
Twin studies
The potential expression of a hereditary trait.
Reaction range
Certain behaviors develop along genetically dug channels but there are altered because of an extreme change in environment.
Canalization
It is the effect of similar environmental conditions on genetically different individuals.
Genotype-Environment Interaction
Genetic and environmental influences are in the same direction.
Genotype-Environment Correlation
What are the 3 ways of correlation?
Passive correlations
Reactive/Evocative Correlations
Active Correlation
A way of correlation where the environment was created by the biological parent of the same trait. The child doesn’t have control over the condition.
Passive correlation
A way of correlation where the environment was created by the parent to support the early signs of dispositions. The parents react to the genetic make up of the child.
Reactive/Evocative Correlations
A way of correlations where the person seeks an environment that is compatible with his genotype. It is also called niche-picking.
Active Correlation
It refers to the parent’s personalities and intellectual orientation, the families socio-economic status.
Shared Environmental Experience
The child’s own unique experiences, both within the family and outside the family, are not shared by another sibling.
Nonshared Environmental Experiences
A view that emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between hereditary and environment.
Epigenetic view
What are the characteristics influenced by heredity and environment?
Physiological traits
Intelligence
Personality and Psychopathology
Temperament
Schizophrenia
