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FNP: 1 > Infancy 2-10 months > Flashcards

Infancy 2-10 months Flashcards

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1
Q

Erickson’s developmental theory for Infants 2-10 months

A

Trust v. Mistrust

- fulfill basic needs: nourishment, warmth and physical contact

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2
Q

When should infant be able to lift head?

A

2-4 months

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3
Q

When should head lag disappear in an infant?

A

20 weeks

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4
Q

When should an infant roll from abdomen to back?

A

4-6 months

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5
Q

When should an infant begin to reach for objects?

A

4-6 months

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6
Q

When should an infant roll from back to abdomen?

A

6-8 months

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7
Q

When should an infant be able to sit unsupported?

A

6-8 months

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8
Q

When should an infant creep on hands and knees?

A

8-10 months

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9
Q

When should an infant pull self to stand and take steps?

A

8-10 months

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10
Q

What fine motor skills does a 2-4 month old have?

A

hands open

plays with hands and feet

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11
Q

What fine motor skills does a 4-6 month old have?

A

palmar grasp

manipulated smalls objects

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12
Q

What fine motor skills does a 6-8 month old have?

A

holds bottles

bangs objects

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13
Q

What fine motor skills does a 8-10 month old have?

A

crude pincher grasp

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14
Q

What vision/sensory skills does a 2-4 month old have?

A

follows objects

turns head to side when sound is made

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15
Q

What vision/sensory skills does a 4-6 month old have?

A

begins hand-eye coordination

smiles at mirror image

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16
Q

What vision/sensory skills does a 6-8 month old have?

A

recognizes parents

focus on small objects

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17
Q

What vision/sensory skills does a 8-10 month old have?

A

localized sound by turning head in appropriate direction

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18
Q

What socialization/vocalization does a 2-4 month old have?

A

coos
babbles
starts to laugh

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19
Q

What socialization/vocalization does a 4-6 month old have?

A

laughs aloud

babbles one-syllable sounds

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20
Q

What socialization/vocalization does a 6-8 month old have?

A

imitates sounds
plays peek-a-boo
two-syllable words

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21
Q

What socialization/vocalization does a 8-10 month old have?

A

says “dada” and “mamma”

comprehends “no”

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22
Q

What is the sleep pattern of a 2-4 month old?

A

sleeps about 15 hrs/day, nocturnal

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23
Q

What is the sleep pattern of a 4-10 month old?

A

varies by infant

24
Q

How much/often does a 2-4 month old eat?

A

4 oz feeding, 6x per day

25
Q

When can kids start solids?

A

6 months and older

- one at a time every 3-4 days

26
Q

What age can kids feed self with small morsels and uses spoon?

A

8-10 months

27
Q

What history should be reviewed at every visit?

A
  • Sleeping
  • Eating
  • Activity
  • Developmental Milestones
  • Last visit…immunization
  • ER visits
28
Q

What is considered a fever in a 3-36 month old?

A

Fever ≥ 102.2°F (39°C)

29
Q

When is diarrhea acute v. chronic?

A

Acute: transient, self limited
Chronic: more than 2 weeks

May be viral or bacterial

30
Q

What history needs to be taken when infant presents with diarrhea?

A
  • Length of illness
  • Stools..frequency, looseness, presence of gross blood
  • Oral intake..assoc.vomitting?
  • Associated symptoms..fever,rash
  • Urine output
  • Contacts with other infectious illness
31
Q

How to assess the hydration status of an infant?

A
  • Moist mucosa
  • Presence of saliva and tears
  • Skin Turgor
  • Weight
  • Number of diapers
  • Alertness
  • Temperature
  • HEENT, ABD.
32
Q

What does blood in diarrhea indicate?

A

Bacterial infection

33
Q

What is a common cause of acute diarrhea (without blood) in infants?

A
  • Viral enteritis.. Norwalk, Adenovirus
  • Entertoxin: E-coli
  • Parasitic: Giardia
  • Extraintestional infection: OM,UTI
  • Antibiotic Induced: esp. ampicillin
34
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic diarrhea in infants?

A
  • secondary to chronic constipation

- formula intolerance

35
Q

Mild v. Moderate signs of dehydration in an infant?

A
  • Mild: dry mouth, absence of tears

- Moderate: sunken eyes, poor turgor, sunken fontanels

36
Q

Severe signs of dehydration in an infant?

A
  • lethargic
  • parched mouth and tongue
  • minimal/no urine output
  • increased HR, weak pulse, deep breathing, cool extremities
  • prolonged/minimal cap refill
  • deeply sunken eyes
  • sunken fontanel
37
Q

What is the treatment for diarrhea in an infant?

A
  • Hydration with Pedialyte (1 mL per kg of body weight)
  • Tx. underlying cause, like OM
  • Continue breastfeeding or formula
  • Give RV vaccine
38
Q

When should an infant be hospitalize for diarrhea?

A
  • Unable to keep fluids in
  • Bloody diarrhea
  • Lethargy
  • Concern about parenting
  • > 10% dehydration: sunken fontanels, poor turgor
39
Q

What is diaper dermatitis?

A

Cause: Candida albicans
Satellite Lesions: beefy red, shiny, sharply demarcated borders, papules or pustules
Found: skin folds and mouth

40
Q

How is diaper dermatitis diagnosed?

A
  • detailed history
  • physical exam
  • take a sample and look under microscope
41
Q

How to educate parents on diaper dermatitis?

A
  • change diapers frequently and clean diaper with tepid water
  • keep child without diapers
  • keep baby clean and dry as possible
  • careful hand washing technique
  • maybe topical antifungal
42
Q

What is the follow up for diaper dermatitis?

A

Parents:

  • check mouth frequently
  • call back in 3 days if not improved
43
Q

What is SIDS?

A
  • sudden death infant under 1 year

- remains unexplained

44
Q

What increases the risks of SIDS?

A
  • Low SES
  • males
  • Family hx: smoking, drug abuse
  • Low birth weight
  • Black, Alaskan, American Indians
  • Siblings of SIDS
  • Premature infants w/ recurrent apneic episodes
45
Q

How to prevent SIDS?

A
  • back to sleep
  • nothing in crib: low, flat, firm surface
  • avoid overheating
  • no bed sharing/ co sleeping
  • no alcohol/drug use in house
46
Q

Bronchiolitis

A
  • inflammation of bronchioles
  • Cause: viral (Adenovirus, Influenza, Mycoplasma pneumonia, Rhinovirus)
  • Common in kids less than 24 months
  • Spread via humans in peak winter through early spring
47
Q

What are risk factors for bronchiolitis?

A
  • low birth weight
  • prematurity
  • CHD, Resp. Dx
48
Q

How does bronchiolitis present?

A
  • peak at 6 months
  • 2-3 days rhinnorhea and cough
  • low grade temp
  • usually playful and active
49
Q

When should an infant with bronchiolitis be hospitalize?

A
  • less than 6 months
  • tachypnea
  • poor intake or signs of dehydration
  • lethargic
  • CHD, Resp dx., neuromuscular dx., premature
  • Resp. distress: RR >70, O2 stat.
50
Q

How to treat bronchiolitis?

A
  • hydration
  • steam
  • bronchodilator/nebulizer
  • f/u in 24 hours
51
Q

What is intussusception?

A

Invagination of one part of the intestine into another-distal ileum into cecum

52
Q

What are the signs of intussusception?

A

-

53
Q

What is pyloric stenosis?

A
  • hypertrophy of pyloric muscle-obstruction of gastric outflow
  • usually 2-10 weeks
  • mostly males
54
Q

What are the signs of pyloric stenosis?

A
  • projectile non-bilious vomiting

- firm mobile-olive shaped mass in epigastrium

55
Q

How is pyloric stenosis treated?

A

Pyloromyotomy

FNP: 1 (8 decks)

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