Infancy

Question 1

What does William James say about Infancy?

Answer 1

babies have very few innate abilities, and are overwhelmed by their environment.

Question 2

What does Jean Piaget say about Infancy?

Answer 2

Thought becomes structured as a result of experience

Question 3

what do gestalt psychologists say about infancy?

Answer 3

Babies come into the world with a skill set that is unique to them. They are biologically programmed to learn.

Question 4

What do we now know about infancy?

Answer 4

Babies are born biologically prepared to learn. They can develop preferences or biases, they can have physical biases.

Question 5

What is a reflex?

Answer 5

An inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation. They occur as a function of environmental stimuli
They also serve as an adaptive purpose (survival)

Question 6

What is the sucking reflex?

Answer 6

They will suck on whatever you put in their mouth. This helps them with nursing

Question 7

What is the stepping reflex?

Answer 7

if you hold a newborn infant up, they will automatically make stepping motions. This gets them the feeling of walking, and helps them to build muscles.

Question 8

What is the moro reflex?

Answer 8

If you hold a baby out, they will flail their arms and legs. This helps an infant cling to their mom

Question 9

What is the palmar grasp?

Answer 9

if you put anything in a newborns hand, they will grasp it. This helps prepare an infant for later skills.`

Question 10

What is the babinski reflex?

Answer 10

If you stroke the bottom of an infants foot, they will flail their toes then curl them in.

Question 11

What is gross motor development?

Answer 11

Control over actions that help infants get around in their environment. (Crawling, standing, walking, rolling over)

Question 12

What is fine motor development?

Answer 12

These are small scale movements. These include reaching and grasping.

Question 13

What are the milestones for gross motor development?

Answer 13

Sits alone- 7 months
Crawls- 8 months
Stands alone- 11 months
walks alone- 12 months

Question 14

What are the milestones for fine motor development?

Answer 14

Ulnar grasp- 3-4 months
Moving objects hand-to-hand- 4-5 months
pincer grasp- 9 months

Question 15

How to determine wether an infant likes one item over another based on their experience in the womb

Answer 15

Sucking behaviour.
This is used to indicate wether infants can discriminate two items and/or prefer one item over another.
deCasper and Spence did a stiudy in 1986 where they had a pregnant women read passages aloud in the last 6 weeks of pregnancy, and then read it to them when they were out of the womb they sucked more at the familiar passage than at the novel passage

Question 16

What is the visual preference paradigm?

Answer 16

Used to assess wther infants can tell the difference between two stimuli. if the stimuli are perceived the same, they should look at them about the same length of time

Question 17

What is attractiveness bias?

Answer 17

The baby will look at the more attractive face for longer.

Question 18

What is habituation?

Answer 18

A decrease in response as a result of repeated presentation stimuli

Question 19

What is dishabituation?

Answer 19

After habituation, a new stimulus is presented that increases the level of responding

Question 20

What is the violation of expectation paradigm?

Answer 20

Monitor an infants reaction to an unexpected event to infer what he/she knows. if an event is impossible and the infant looks at it longer, it means they are surprised by it, and therefore understand it is impossible.
3 month olds show no understanding
4.5 month old is surprised by the impossible event

Question 21

what visual aspects do newborns show deficits in?

Answer 21

Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, convergence, coordination, colour perception

Question 22

What are infant visual preferences?

Answer 22

Movement: Movement is interesting to infants will spend a lot of time looking at it
Areas of high contrast: they can see the contrast between items
Sometimes infants prefer familiarity, sometimes novelty

Question 23

What are some growth curves?

Answer 23

Weight
height
head curcumfrence

Question 24

What are milestones in language development?

Answer 24

Birth-3 months: Pre speech, cooing
4-6 months: Babbaling
7 months to 1 year: UNderstands common words
First words around first borthday

Question 25

What are the sleep regressions?

Answer 25

4 months- Sleep patterns become more adult life
8 months- Learning to crawl. they dont want to sleep, instead they want to practice their new skill
10 months- Seperation anxiety, pulling to stand
12 months- walking; starting to transition to one nap
Other factors:
Teething
illness
nap transitions
travelling
rolling over
transitioning to different swaddles/ sleep sacks