Infancy Flashcards
This is an involuntary and automatic response to a stimulus,
Newborn Reflexes
6 Major Present in full term neonates
breathing ,eyeblink, pupillary, rooting swallowing , sucking
Newborns also display organized patterns of daily activity that are predictable
and foster healthy developmental outcomes. sleep , drowsiness, alertness, crying
Infant States
An unexplained death of a sleeping infant
who suddenly stops breathing, also called crib death.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ( SIDS )
Later research revealed that very young infants
prefer to look at high-contrast patterns with many sharp boundaries between light and dark
areas, and at moderately complex patterns that have curvilinear features
EARLY PATERN PERCEPTION(0 to 2 Months).
During this age, the infant’s visual system is
rapidly maturing. He now sees better and is capable of making increasingly complex visual
discriminations, eventually even including temporal movement sequencing into his
discriminations (Kirkham et al., 2007). He is also organizing what he sees to perceive visual
forms and sets of separate forms
LATER FROM PERCEPTION (2 Months to 1 Year).
Newborns are biologically prepared to seek visual
stimulation and make visual discriminations. These early visual experiences are
important, for they kept the visual neurons firing and contribute to the maturation of the
visual centers of the brain (Nelson, 1995). The growth of form perception results from a
continuous interplay, or interaction, among the baby’s inborn equipment (a working, but
immature visual sense), biological maturation, and visual experiences (or learning).
Explaining Form Perception.
Can be thought of as learning become disinterested in stimuli that are recognized as
familiar and nothing to get excited about. It can occur even before the baby is born: 27- to 36-
week-old fetuses initially become quite active when a vibrator is placed on the mother’s abdomen,
but they soon stop moving (habituate), as if they process these vibrations as a familiar sensation that is no longer worthy of attention
HABITUATION
Attending to or reacting vigorously to a slightly different stimulus. It indicates that
the baby’s sensory receptors are not simply fatigued and that she can discriminate the familiar
from the unfamiliar.
DISHABITUATION
It is a learning that results from observing the behavior of others.
Almost anything can be learned by watching (or listening to) others.
OBSERVABLE LEARNING
When babies match an adult’s actions, or facial expressions, etc.
IMITATION
The ability to reproduce the actions of a model at some point in the future
which develops rapidly during the 2nd year.
DEFERRED IMITATION
It is a simple procedure in which at least two stimuli are presented
simultaneously to see whether infants will attend more to one of them than the others/s
PREFERENCE METHOD
It is the process in which a repeated stimulus becomes so familiar
that responses initially associated with it (such as head or eye movements, changes in
respiration or heart rate) no longer occur. Thus, it is a simple form of learning.
HABITUATION METHOD
MTEHOD. It can tell us whether infants can discriminate various
sights or sounds, because two stimuli that are sensed as different produce different patterns of
electrical activity.
EVOKED POTENTIAL METHOD
It provides infants with a special pacifier containing
electrical circuitry that enables them to exert some control over the sensory environment.
HIGH AMPLITUDE SUCKING METHOD
Young infants are particularly attentive to voices, especially high-
pitched feminine voices
REACTION TO VOICEES
Babies are also able to discriminate basic speech sounds
called phonemes (smallest meaningful sound units that make up a spoken language)
very early in life.
REACTION TO LANGUAGE
SMELL. Infants are born with some vert definite taste preferences. Different
tastes also elicit different facial expressions from newborns. They are also capable of detecting
variety of odors,
TASTEAND SMELL
It is considered as the least mature of the newborn’s sensory capabilities.
VISION
A person’s ability to see small objects and fine detail.
VISUAL ACUITY
The amount of light/dark transition in a visual stimulus.
VISUAL CONTRASTS
A sequence of physical maturation and growth that proceeds
from the head (cephalic region) to the tail (caudal region). The trunk grows faster during the
first year. At 1 year of age, a child’s head now accounts for only 20% of total body length.
CEPHALOCAUDAL DEVELOPMENT
A sequence of physical maturation and growth that proceeds
from the center of the body (the proximal region) to the extremities (distal regions). Throughout
infancy and childhood, the arms and legs continue to grow faster than the hands and feet.
PROXIMODISTAL DEVELOPMENT
