Industrialisation and protest, 1785-1870 Flashcards
How many miles of turnpike roads by 1836
22,000 miles (20% of total mileage)
How many miles of railway track by 1850
6000 miles
How many miles of navigable river and canals for miles of turnpike?
For every 16 miles of turnpike road, 1 mile of navigable river and 2 miles of canals
By 1851, how many people lived in an urban environment
1/2 of 16.9 million people, an increase of over 5 million since the first half of the 19th century
What was the size of London by 1801
1 million inhabitants, or 8% of all Brits
Paris was half this size
What proportion of people in many villages in the west country were engaged in industrial pursuits
1/2
How many banks in 1784, and how many in 1808
119
800
When were county banks allowed to issue bank notes
1797
What was the Banking Act of 1826
Restricted the issuing of notes but encouraged the formation of joint stock companies
What did a clause in the Bank of England Charter state
Denied the right of note issue to banks with more than 6 members
Cap prevented the creation of larger joint stock banks and kept banking on a localised scale
When was the cap on banks removed
1826
What did an Act of Parliament in 1833 do for banks
Permitted joint stock banks in London to issue cheques, thus increased the speed of transactions
When was the first joint stock bank founded
The Lancashire Banking Company, 1826
By 1866, how many Joint Stock banks and branches were there
154 joint stock banks
850 branches nationwide
How much did cotton imports increase by between 1761 and 1833
3 million to 300 million
Employed 883,000 people
How much did the middle-class grow by between 1816 and 1831
75%, from 160,000 to more than 214,000
What proportion of children died in their first year of life
3/20
In Sheffield and Manchester, what fraction of children failed to reach their 5th birthday in the 1830s
1/2
How much did national capital invested in industry, trade, and transport increase by
5% in 1760 to 26% in 1860
How much did British manufacturers produce by 1811
£130 million worth of goods, of which £40 million was exported
How much was Richard Arkwright worth when he died in 1792
£500,000
How many people did Benjamin Gott employ, and how much money he have in the bank
1500 men by the 1820s and had over £100,000 in the bank
What did Richard Crawshay do
Owned the Cyfartha ironworks at Merthyr Tydfil, and by 1830 employed 5000 people
He was worth over £200,000
What were punishments for workers in factories
10 minutes late saw offender fined 2 hours’ wages
If caught talking, fined 1 shilling or 1/5th of the daily wage
How much did employees in factories work prior to 1833
14 hour days, 6 days a week
Which invention made working in the mines safer
Davy safety lamp, 1815
How much did production from mines increase by
6 million tons in 1770 to 55 million tons in 1850
How deep did mines get
90 metres in the 18th century to about 300 metres by 1850
What was employment in the mines like
12 hours a day, 6 days a week
Until 1844, were employed under ‘zero hour contracts’ agreeing to work an allotted period of time, usually 1 year.
Did not guarantee a fixed wage.
How were back-to-back houses built
cheaply, just 3 bricks deep foundations
They were usually 4m wide, with a bedroom upstairs
How much was rent for ‘back’ houses compared to ‘front’ houses
1s 10d per week compared to 2s 6d per week
What fraction of Birmingham workers lived in back to back houses
2/3
When and where was the first Cholera outbreak
1831 in Sunderland, killed 32,000 within a year
How much did the population of urban areas increase by between 1801-1851
27% every decade
Which act in 1835 reformed local government to improve conditions
Municipal Corporations Act
What did Chadwick’s 1842 report find about child mortality
57% of children born to working class parents died before their fifth birthday
What did the 1833 Factory Act do
- No child under 9 to be employed
- Children 9 to 11 got 2 hours schooling per day
- No nightwork for under 18’s
- Break of 3/2 hours
- Four, full time inspectors to enforce the act to cover 4000 textile mills
Why did the 1833 Factory Act fall short
Only covered textile mills, but by the end of the 1830’s fewer mills were breaking the law
What did the 1842 Mines Act do?
Banned the underground employment of children under 10 and women to
What did the 1844 Factory Act do
- More inspectors to enforce the law and safety rules to fence off dangerous machinery
- Children 13 to 18 and women were to work a maximum of 12 hours a day
- In 1845, the Factory Act was extended to include calico printing works
What did the 1847 Factory Act do
- Introduce the 10 hour working day for all women and children, but many factories did this for men anyway as they couldn’t produce without them
- Restricted working hours from 6am to 6pm and children were not allowed to work outside these hours
How did the 1867 Factory Act reform all previous ones
Was extended to all factories employing 50 or more workers
What were the Short Time Committees
Small organisations which supported Hobhouse’s Bill (the ten hour bill)
How many Short Time Committees by 1833, and when did they cease to exist
26, or 12 in Yorkshire, 11 in Lancashire, 2 in Scotland, and 1 in Nottingham
Continued to campaign for legislation until the passing of the 1847 Factory Act
Who wrote Michael Armstrong: Factory Boy, and what was the message
Frances Trollope, the first woman to issue her novels in monthly parts.
The novel criticised individual philanthropy as inadequate to the problems of industrialisation
How did Luddism start
Ned Ludd, a weaver, destroyed two knitting frames after being whipped in 1779
What were the causes of Luddism
- Lower prices for finished goods
- Increased use of unskilled labour
- Closure of American market after the American Non-Intercourse act of 1809; exports worth £11 million in 1810 dropped to £2 million by the end of 1811
How did Luddites go too far
Killed an anti Luddite mill owner, William Horsfield
When were the Swing Riots, and what did they do
1830-31
Agricultural workers in Southern and Eastern England protested against agricultural mechanisation and harsh working conditions.
£600 riot damage, £100,000 arson damage.
252 sentenced to death
Who led the 10 hour movement
Richard Oastler, a Tory land steward from Huddersfield, and prominent speaker at Short Time Committees
John Fielden was instrumental in bringing about the 1847 Factory Act after Lord Ashley resigned his seat to support Peel in 1846
What did the Public Health Act of 1848 do
Creation of a Central Board of Health to oversee local boards responsible for improving sanitation
Only compulsory in areas with 23 in every 1000 mortality rate
What was Chadwick’s report, and how many copies did it sell
The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (1842)
100,000
What was William Farr’s report
A statistical report on disease in Britain covering 40 years, unlike any other nation at time
