A new Reich 1933-35 Flashcards

Question

What was the 'New Order' that the SS were responsible for in territories taken over in WW2?

Answer 1

The 'New Order' in Eastern Europe provided opportunities for plunder and power, which members of the SS exploited. By the end of the war, the SS was a massive commercial enterprise of over 150 firms which exploited slave labour to extract raw materials and to manufacture textiles, armaments, and household goods

Answer 2

The racial policy of extermination and resettlement was pursued with vigour and the system of concentration camps was widely established and run by the SS' Death's-Head Units

Answer 3

The Gestapo imposed terror on their enemies, while at the same time creating a grim 'pact' with the German people such that civilians would comply willingly It was for this reason that people felt the Gestapo were everywhere. Despite this, there were only 28 Gestapo officials covering the million people in Würzburg and surrounding Lower Franconia

Answer 4

Manpower was limited, with only 40,000 agents for all of Germany. Large cities, like Frankfurt or Hamburg, with over 500,000 people, were policed by just 40-50 agents In 1942, there were only 30,000 officials.

Answer 5

Intending to intimidate the opposition, its meagre resources were aided by a willing populace Local studies reveal that over 50%, and sometimes 80%, of investigation stemmed from voluntary denunciations. And these were just the cases where the Gestapo actually investigated!

Answer 6

Only 35,000 of 25 million male workers were classed as 'unemployed'. Wage freezes in 1933 bypassed by Christmas bonuses and providing insurance schemes By 1936 average wage for a worker was 35 marks/week, 10x more than dole money 6 million had received

Answer 7

Average paid holidays rose from 3 days per year in 1933 to between 6 and 12 days per year in 1939 Lazy bums

Answer 8

Wages only really rose by 1% a year under Nazi rule Taxation and deductions rose from 15% to 18% (Weimar to Nazis) 1938, govt took power to direct workers where to work, rather than choose where

Answer 9

Loss of political freedoms, and in Feb. 1935, workers needed a 'workbook' to find employment

Answer 10

Set up on the 6th May, 1933, the DAF was the nationally recognised trade union. Membership included employers as well as employees. Membership grew from 5 million in 1933 to 22 million in 1939, and was intended to sway workers towards Nazism

Answer 11

Robert Ley, the leader of the largest organisation in the Third Reich He was an incompetent man, seen as the "Reich Drunkard", and was notoriously unstable and very corrupt

Answer 12

The scheme gave workers the opportunity to subscribe 5 marks a week to a fund eventually allowing them to acquire a car. The scheme's chief impact was to reduce the danger of inflation by boosting savings No worker actually received a car, and in 1939 production was switched to military needs

Answer 13

The Reichsarbeitsdienst started as a voluntary scheme under the Weimar Republic. In June 1935, a law made six months labour compulsory for all men aged between 19 and 35. This was extended to women in 1939, and the scheme was intended for the working class. Most members were employed in agriculture or public works

Answer 14

The SA had become too radical and violent, disliked by the middle class and military, whom Hitler needed support from. As such, the radical, revolutionary SA had to be dealt with tfw when you're too radical for Hitler

Answer 15

Very positive for the dictatorship; destroyed conservative opposition and appealed to the military and industrialists. Military even swore an oath to Hitler on the 20th August, 1934 SA violence was unpopular, so the German people were also fans of his actions, with many seeing Hitler as decisive. Opposition saw this as how Hitler treated opponents

Answer 16

13% of radio staff were sacked on racial grounds and replaced with sympathetic Germans. In 1932, less than 25% of Germans had a radio, by 1939 70% did The Nazis made cheap radio sets, the People's Receiver. Broadcasting was directed at public places -restaurants, cafes, factories, and offices had loudspeakers so all could hear the Nazi's message

Answer 17

When the Nazis took control of Germany, there were 4,700 daily newspapers. The Nazi publishing house, Eher-Verlag, bought up many newspapers and controlled 2/3 of the German press by 1939 News agencies were merged into one state controlled DNB which vetted news before it was given to journalists

Answer 18

Goebbels introduced a daily press conference at the Propaganda Ministry to provide editorial guidance. The Editors Law of October, 1933, made newspaper content the responsibility of the editor who had to meet strict guidelines The Nazi newspaper, the Völkischer Beobachter, had 1.7 million readers by 1944

Answer 19

Banning Jewish film makers, Goebbels recognised the power of propaganda films and 1,097 films were made from 1933-45 For example, The Eternal Jew, The Adventures of Baron von Münchhauen

Answer 20

A female film maker who helped create several Nazi propaganda pictures. She filmed the 1936 Olympics and shot over 1 million feet of film. This was released in her film, Olympia, in April 1938. She also made a film called Triumph of the Will, also very nationalistic.

Answer 21

Appeared as a charismatic and magnetic figure, portrayed as an "ordinary man" with the will to transform Germany. He liked to cultivate the image of an artist, but in reality was quite lazy, absent from Berlin He was immersed in pet projects, and became more neurotic, moody, and obsessive with his health He wasn't well educated, no experience in governance. Loathed paperwork and formalities, believing will power was enough

Answer 22

Not very decisive, never showing inclination to co-ordinate government. In 1933, cabinet met 72 times, but only 4 times in 1936. Last official cabinet meeting was in February 1938. Rivalry between factions, following will of the Führer. Despite this, he had no real effective opposition His underlings took part in an environment to "work towards the Führer".

Answer 23

Responsible for coordinating the government, as the role of cabinet declined, chancellor became more important Head was Hans-Heinrich Lammers. He drew up all govt. legislation, and controlled information from organisations to Hitler However, even the very organised Lammers found it impossible to coordinate the growing number of organisations

Answer 24

Transport, education, and economics were run by leading civil servants. The Foreign Office was very conservative. Under pressure by Nazis, with Economics ministry affected by 4 year plans, and foreign offices losing control to the Ribbentrop Bureau Aristocratic foreign minister Neurath is sacked and replaced in 1938 by the Nazi Joachim von Ribbentrop

Answer 25

Judges and lawyers were co-ordinated although the justice minister, Franz Gürtner, was not a Nazi and in power until 1941 Nazis established 'special courts' in 1933 to convict political opponents without Jury (1933) In 1934, Peoples court established to try cases of high treason, with Nazi jury. From 1934-45, this results in 7,000/16,000 results as death sentences Nacht und Nebel of 1941 gave SS power above the law

Answer 26

By early 1934, the Gleichschaltung had destroyed the federal principle of government, with Nazi Governors there to "execute the will of the supreme leadership of the Reich" These were mostly local party Gauleiters with full powers, but their role in the party structure was not clear

Answer 27

By August 1933, it was clear Hitler had no interest in discussions or designing new legislation. Hitler didn't coordinate the ministerial departments, so different ministers could be working on legislation which contradicted or replicated other departments work. This system enabled Hitler to focus upon rearmament and reversing Versailles.

Answer 28

Hitler had no experience in political legislation. He was disorganised, slept in late, and hated Berlin He began to apply the idea of evolution on his governing style in that competition between departments may lead to the best results. He would ignore many important ministers, choosing to spend time with his favourites

Answer 29

The Nazis perpetuated a myth that Hitler could never be wrong and laws could never fail so even ridiculous ideas that were made into law were never ended This meant that enforcing this chaotic system was difficult for the police and impossible for the Germans to understand. The fear and uncertainty created through this ensured that few opposed the Nazi state

Answer 30

Even without direction, Nazi officials used Mein Kampf and Hitler's speeches to understand the ideology and form legislation. Hitler had to sign off an each law and only chose those that he favoured therefore ensuring his ideas became a reality. Only a few ministers (Himmler, Göring, Göbbels) could gain personal meetings with Hitler. Everyone else went through Lammers Lammers power lay in the choice of legislation he presented to Hitler, thus it was important to win favour with him

Answer 31

Hitler tended to prefer far more radical laws. Competition between departments meant that legislation became increasingly radical in order to gain Hitler's favour This is well seen with anti-Semitic laws. Hitler never set out a clear policy for Jews in Nazi Germany but this radicalisation ensured the policies became more extreme in short time Hitler's method of leadership therefore ensured his most terrifying ideas became a reality during the 1930s

Answer 32

Hitler had a preference for creating new organs of state to carry out specific projects. His personal popularity was a source of power, however it was not much help in the practical business of selecting goals Hitler's sense of dependence on his own popularity was so great that the cult of the Führer may well have contributed to government inaction in domestic affairs Hitler was certainly careful not to associate himself with any measure that he thought might be unpopular

Answer 33

February 1933, Hitler proclaimed only members of the army could carry weapons, not the SA. January 1934, he ordered the SA limit their political agitation activities Hitler focused on rearmament, and generals particularly liked when conscription was introduced in 1935

Answer 34

He called for a people's militia, which ran counter to Hitler's ideas. Such an idea also contrasted the military, who Hitler wanted on-side

Answer 35

Soldiers were to be educated in Nazi ideology, diluting traditional Prussian values that had shaped the army since 1871. The army was concerned that they had no say over developments in the military (such as introducing conscription) but this was Hitler's way of limiting their influence Moreover, Himmler's SS grew increasingly powerful as they grew, as the heads of the Nazis racial extermination policies.

Answer 36

On the 2nd August, 1934, President Hindenburg. God rest his soul. There was no political crisis. Hitler merged the offices of the Chancellor and President and took the new, official title of Führer. The Nazi regime had been stabilised and the threat of a 'second revolution' by the SA had been removed

Answer 37

Suspended constitutional and civil rights Gave secret police power to hold people indefinitely in protective custody

Answer 38

20th July, 1933, the Concordat agreement between the State and the Vatican Church was to be banned from political activity, but state protected religious freedoms

Answer 39

Once the problems of the Great Depression had been overcome through Schacht's shrewd actions, Hitler appointed Göring Plenipotentiary of the Four Year Plan in 1936 resulting in Schacht's resignation His economic policies were being overruled by Göring's clumsy handling of the economy

Answer 40

Robert Ley tried to utilise the DAF to influence economics affairs but from 1934-7 the minister for economics, was in charge He wasn't a member of the Nazi party

Answer 41

Lines between party and state were blurred when the SS, SA, and Stahlhelm were induced into the Prussian police force. From 1933-6, the minister for the interior, Frick, and Himmler argued over who controlled the police Eventually, Himmler was placed in charge of the police in 1936. This made the police an instrument of the Nazis rather than an independent organisation upholding the rule of law

Answer 42

The Gauleiters, who were in charge of the regions of Germany, were largely independent and clashed with the minister of the interior, Frick, who couldn't control them

Answer 43

The purpose of the Volksgemeinschaft was intended to overcome the old German division of class, religion, and politics and bring about a collective national identity by encouraging people to work together but on the Nazi ideas of race and struggle

Answer 44

The ideal German image was that of a classic peasant working on the soil in the rural community: exemplified by the Nazi concept of 'Blood and Soil' (Blut und Boden) and by upholding the traditional roles of the two sexes

Answer 45

The National Socialist Peoples Welfare In 1934, it distributed 25,800L of mil, 1,500 grocery parcels, and 172 sets of baby clothes The charity was intended to help mothers

Answer 46

State mandated prostitutes from 1933-45 11,000 children were born from these women.

Answer 47

Financial incentives for birth and marriage, such as in 1933 a 600RM marriage loan if unemployed. There was also the 1937 loan extended to women in work. Propaganda to raise status of mothers, with awards like the Mother's Cross. 1938 Marriage Law extended the grounds for divorce, but tighter penalties on abortion

Answer 48

In 1933, Women in top civil service and medical jobs were dismissed. In 1936, women were banned from being judges, lawyers In 1939, unmarried women under 25 had to take part in Compulsory Agricultural Labour service. In 1943, Speer's proposal to conscript women was opposed due to the potential impact on morale.

Answer 49

Schooling was centralised in 1934 under the Reich Minister Bernhard Rust. Politically unreliable individuals were removed and Jewish teachers banned. Special training courses were arranged for those teacher who remained unconvinced. The NSLB (Nazi teachers league) included 97% of all teachers by 1937, and 2/3 had been on the one-month long course

Answer 50

Emphasis was placed on PE, with 15% of school time being given to it, and games teachers had higher status. RE was scrapped, whereas German, Biology (eugenics), and History became the focus Lang and Lit emphasised German nationalism, Biology delivered racial theories such as ethnic classifications and population control. History was given special status to illustrate the glories of German nationalism

Answer 51

In 1932, there were 200,000 members of the Hitler Youth, or 1.5% of kids In 1938, there were 7,100,000 members, or 77.2% of kids

Answer 52

Collective name for a number of youth groups under the control of Baldur von Schirach and from 1933, membership grew greatly due to pressure on parents By 1939, membership was compulsory

Answer 53

A youth group which opposed Nazi ideas. They exhibited banned behaviour, such as jazz and dance bands. They organised their own events at odds with the Hitler Youth There was a youth concentration camp at Neuwied and in 1944, 12 Edelweiss Pirates were hanged because of their attacks on military targets and the assassination of a Gestapo officer

Answer 54

The value of German industry steadily increased from the share price index and improvement of management salaries. From 1938, annexations/conquests of war provided enormous opportunities for taking over foreign property, land, and companies

Answer 55

Increasing range of government controls over operations. For example, the Law to Protect Retail Trade, 1933, banned the opening of new department stores, which benefited the Mittelstand

Answer 56

Racial policy lacked direction. Hitler was concerned with random acts of violence against Jews since this was unpopular with the general public. In March 1933, the SA began rampaging against Jewish business and peoples In attempt to rein in the violence, Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops which the SA agreed on the 1st April, 1933. SA men stood outside Jewish shops but the boycott was unsuccessful

Answer 57

Removed 5% of the so-called alien elements in the civil service President Hindenburg stopped the law from targeting any Jews who had fought in WW1 or had family that died in the war

Answer 58

In 1935 thee was pressure from within the party to remove Jews from citizenship with a wave of attacks on Jews. Others, like Schacht, the Wizard (this joke is very specific), saw this as distasteful and worried about the effect of such an action on exports

Answer 59

Prompted by a speech by the Reich Doctors' leader, Gerhard Wagner, which hinted that a new racial policy was imminent, Hitler switched his Nuremburg speech from foreign policy to anti-Jewish legislation leading to the so-called Nuremburg laws. Four draft laws were written overnight by civil servants, presented to Hitler and passed by the Reichstag, meeting at Nuremburg on 15th September

Answer 60

- Illegal for Germans and Jews to be married or have sex - Jews were no longer German citizens but were designated 'subjects', enforced by the Reich Citizenship Act - Jews were classed as anyone with three Jewish grandparents, or two Jewish grandparents if they were a practising Jew, if they they had a Jewish spouse - Jews were therefore legally second-class citizens living under legal repression

Answer 61

Central Office for Jewish Emigration established in Vienna, run by Eichmann. Property was confiscated to finance poor Jewish emigrants. In 6 months, 45,000 emigrated. January 1939, Goring created the Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration, run by Heydrich and Eichmann Half of Jews left Germany before the war, such that from 1933-9 there were 257,000 emigrants

Answer 62

Der Angriff and Der Stürmer

Answer 63

Many debts and mortgages were written off and small farms were given low interest rates + tax allowances Increase in prices from 1933-6 helped finance the farms Production also increased by 20% from 1928-1938

Answer 64

1933, the Reich Food Estate supervised agricultural distribution, setting quotas e.g. each hen lay 65 eggs per year Agriculture wasn't as competitive as other sectors Shortage of labour as more and more were conscripted

Answer 65

Training schemes for apprenticeships, and the supervising of conditions through the SdA of the DAF which aimed to provide cleaning, meals, and exercise There were 10.3 million KdF holidays in 1938, by full employment by the end of the 1930s

Answer 66

Established trade unions closed down and loss the right of industrial bargaining. Management and government controlled pay increases and limit freedom of movement Real wages only rose above 1929 levels in 1938. The Average working week went from 43 to 47 hours from 1933-1939

Answer 67

Economic interest was not threatened before 1939 German victories offered the chance of acquiring more cheap land

Answer 68

Resented political interference of the party, and feared land redistribution. 1945, East Germany occupation by USSR saw the nationalisation of the land, leading to the traditional social and economic supremacy of the Junkers being broken

Answer 69

Money from the confiscation of Jewish businesses was used to offer low interest rate loans. The Law to Protect Retail Trade 1933 banned the opening of new department stores Trading regulations to protect small craftsmen

Answer 70

They continued to decline, as the costs of doing small business could not compete with economies of scale of large department stores 1933, 20% of small business owners under 30, 14% of 60. By 1939, 10% under and 19% over. In 1936-9. the number of traditional skilled craftsmen fell by 10%

Answer 71

- Ernst Röhm, leader of the SA, and gay, which is shocking for the Nazis - Gregor Strasser, leader of the Strasserist movement - Gustav Ritter von Kahr, who had helped suppress Hitler's Munich Beer Hall Putsch - Former chancellor, General Kurt von Schleicher

Answer 72

He faced a political impasse, and declining health. As such, he recommended the appointment of Hitler in his stead Upon recovering, he sought a return to politics as to exploit the divisions between the Ernst Röhm and the Nazis in 1934

Answer 73

The military was angered that the new Luftwaffe was placed under the control of the Reich Aviation Ministry under Göring, rather than the Ministry of the Reichswehr

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

A new Reich 1933-35 Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM