Challenges to the restored order and the failure of revolution, c1830-49 Flashcards
What was Piedmont like when Napoleon invaded in 1796?
- Monarchy under the House of Savoy
- Capital was Turin
- Acquired Sardinia in 1720
What were the states under direct Austrian control like in Italy by 1796?
Lombardy was ruled by local Austrian representatives, one of the most advanced in Italy. Milan was capital, 130000 pop.
Venetia was governed by the Renaissance constitution, dominated by Plutocrats, under Austrian influence.
What were the Central Duchies like in 1796?
- Made up of Tuscany, Modena, and Parma.
- Governed by numerous dukes
- Considered Austrian satellite states
What were the Papal States like in 1796?
- Governed by the Pope
- very weak economically
- militarily reliant on other Catholic nations, such as Austria
What was Naples like by 1796?
- Ruled by the Bourbon family
- largest yet poorest region, ruled from Naples
- Poverty stricken Sicily was ruled by a Viceroy, combined the nation was the “Kingdom of the Five Sicilies”
How was life bad for Italians under French rule?
- 60% of tax spent on war
- Many Italians conscripted, while French soldiery was brutal and irreligious
- Casualty rates were high; of the 27,000 Italian men in the Russia campaign, only 1000 lived to tell the tale
What happened to Italy in 1815?
Congress of Vienna, Italy returned to pre-war circumstances, Genoa loses independence to Piedmont, Lombardy and Venetia joined under a viceroy controlled from Vienna.
Who was the absolute legend of a man Klemens von Metternich, and what were his thoughts toward Italy?
Austrian Chancellor
Wanted to “extinguish the spirit of Italian unity and ideas about constitutions”, stating that “Italian affairs did not exist.”
To avoid French invasion, “Austria must control most of the peninsula.”, as well as to avoid any other subjects rebelling against the Austrian Empire
What were the views of different Italian groups to the return of restored monarch in 1815?
- Peasants were generally apathetic
- Catholic Church was very happy, as many of their powers were returned, as well as control of the Papal States
- Welcomed back by the Landowning nobility
What were the views of Liberals, Radicals, and nationalists?
Liberals - seek a representative government elected by landowners, laws to guarantee rights and non-violent, very middle class
Radicals - extremists for massive social reform spoken from secret societies, quite Republican
Nationalists - same race, language, and traditions should all be united in an independent state
Who were the Free Masons?
- Secret society formed around the 16th century
- met at ‘lodges’, which grew in popularity when Napoleon invaded
- Persecuted by Italian powers, such as Papal states and most of the peninsula, so remained secret
- Sought a unified Italy, Garibaldi was a member
Who were the Carbonari?
- 60,000 members in Naples, about 5% of the male population. Swore allegiance to their leaders
- Not Anti-Catholic or committed republicans
- Fighting to gain constitutions and more rights from the monarchs
- Banned in 1814 due to seeking a constitution in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies by force.
What was Northern Italy like by 1830?
- Soil was quite fertile, with tradition of landed peasantry, 800k estates
- Industry was light, mostly textiles
- Industrial economies far too narrow, encouraged competition
What was Southern Italy like by 1830?
- Unfertile soil, with land owned by absent landlords being leased to peasant farmers (latifundia)
- Crippled by Malaria
- Underemployment, and few natural resources of power for industry
What were some general problems stopping Italian unification by 1830?
- Apennine mountains divide the peninsula, with 22 massive custom tariffs on the river Po limiting any trade and connections
- The Italian language was only spoken by 2.5% of the population, most spoke in dialect
- Competition and foreign influence
What sort of influence did the Catholic Church have in Italy between 1815-1830?
- Over 90% of Italian people were Roman Catholic
- Austrians had troops stationed in the Papal States
- Zealots, hard line popes, established tight control on government, education, culture, and politics
- Jesuits would attack any dissidents
- Life in the Papal States was very backwards and poor
Who were the Spillo Negro?
- A secret society in the Papal States, with little known about them.
- Anti-Austrian and against the repression of the re-established papal rule. Wanted more liberal ideas.
Who were the Federati?
- Led by Milanese Nobleman Federico Confalonieri, they favoured a constitutional government
- More moderate than the Carbonari, but no less anti-Austrian
- Renamed as the “Society of Sublime Perfect Masters” in 1818
- From 1821 to early 1823 members were unmasked in the army and upper bureaucracy and sentenced to death, all of which ending up with long prison terms
Why did revolutions break out in Italy from 1830-32?
A revolution in France led to the abdication of Charles X, and he was replaced by the more Liberal Louis Philippe.
Italian revolutionaries hoped that he would grant support to liberal revolution in Italy.
What happened during in Modena during the 1830-32 revolutions?
- Revolt led by Enrico Misley, who trusted his ruler Duke Francis IV. He revealed his plans for a united Italy to the Duke, with Francis as king
- Francis betrayed him and had him arrested
- Francis left for Austria to ask for help in case any more revolts happened, but in his absence, revolutionaries captured the city of Modena and established a provisional government.
What happened in Parma during the 1830-32 revolutions?
Students in Parma started to riot and demanded a constitution from Duchess Marie-Louise. She fled and a provisional government was formed
How did the Austrians quash the forces in Parma and Modena during the 1830-1832 revolutions?
Francis IV returned at the head of an Austrian army and quickly defeated the revolutionaries.
Savage reprisals followed as rebels were imprisoned, exiled, or executed. Even wearing a beard drew or moustache could lead to arrest
The same happened in Parma and the Duchess returned.
What happened in the Papal States during the 1830-32 revolutions?
- Organised by professional classes who hated the church
- More of a revolt against the church than a call for something more
- Provisional government formed in Bologna in 1831, promising an elected assembly, reformed finance system, and fairer legal system
- Minor uprisings continued, but were brutally suppressed by the Austrians
What was the Risorgimento?
A 19th century movement for Italian unification. It was an ideological and literary movement that helped arouse the national consciousness of the Italian people, and it led to a series of political events that freed Italian states from foreign domination and united them politically.
