Industrial and Post Industrial Era.

Question 1

Define Rational Recreation.

Answer 1

In the 19th century, these were sports pastimes which were designed by the middle class to be well ordered, organised and controlled.

Question 2

Define Industrial Revolution.

Answer 2

During the mid-18th to mid-19th centiries where Britain went from a feudal rural society to industrialised, machine capitalist based society controlled by powerful middle class.

Question 3

Define Urbanisation.

Answer 3

Large numbers of people migrating/moving from the rural areas to towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories.

Question 4

List the Key Features of Urbanisation.

Answer 4

Lack of Space.
Large Working Class Population.
Loss of Traditional Sports.
Change in Working Conditions.

Question 5

Explain Lack of Space.

Answer 5

In cities, unlike countryside space was at a premium.
Led to the development of purpose-built facilities.

Question 6

Explain the Large Working-Class Population.

Answer 6

Urbanization meant a large working-class population that needed entertainment, resulting in mass spectator numbers at football and rugby matches for 1st time.

Question 7

Explain the Loss of Traditional Sports.

Answer 7

Many traditional working-class sports such as mob games were banned in a civilised urban society, was a need for new sports to develop.

Question 8

Explain the Change in Working Conditions.

Answer 8

Initially working class worked long hours in the factories, and had limited free time income, or energy to devote to sports.
As situations improved, sports participation and attendance went up.

Question 9

List the Characteristics of Rational Recreation.

Answer 9

Impact of Religion and Revolutions.
Regional, National, and International.
Respectable [fair play].
Regular.
Rule Blood.
Amateurism and Professionalism.
Purpose Built Facilities.
Gambling Controlled.

Question 10

How did the Industrial Revolution impact Sport and Society?

Answer 10

HITFOR - Negative Effects/First Half.
MATTCHIP - Positive Effects/Second Half.

Question 11

List the Negative Effects of Industrialism [First Half]

Answer 11

H - Poor Health and Hygiene.
I - Lack of Income.
T - Lack of Time [6-6-6]
F - Lack of Facilities.
O - Overcrowding.
R - Loss of Rights [mob games were banned]

Question 12

List the Positive Effects of Industrialism [Second Half]

Answer 12

M - Middle Class [self made men/empathise with lower class]
A - Athleticism [knowing that playing sport is good for health]
T - Time [half says on saturdays]
T - Travel [development of roads and steam trains]
C - Communication [better education so less illiteracy - newspapers]
H - Health and Hygiene [gradual improvements - public baths]
I - Income [lass had been passed for fair wage]
P - Patronage [factory teams were set up by factory owners - sporting facilities provided]

Question 13

Explain the Impact the Transport Revolution had on Sport [6 Marks]

Answer 13

There was a development in steam trains and railways.
- Although trains were expensive and were mostly used by the middle and upper classes - gradually became affordable.
Faster trains meant spectators could travel further and quicker.
- More time for sports matches.
Leagues and cups developed leading to a need for unified rules.
- Same rules everywhere.
This also meant that field sports, climbing, and walking were more accessible.

Question 14

Explain the Impact the Communications Revolution had on Sport in terms of Education [6 Marks]

Answer 14

Urbanization led to a gradual improvement in the provision of education, which resulted in higher literacy rates.
- More people lived in closer proximity, leading to larger schools.
- Therefore, a more standardized approach to teaching and learning.
- Less small schools that were rural in nature - reading and writing were taught differently.
As the literacy levels within the society increased, people became more interested in reading about the news and sports.

Question 15

Explain the Influence of the Church on Sport [6 Marks]

Answer 15

Due to Urbanisation, church numbers dropped as people were moving away from their local churches and were ‘busier’. The church encouraged sport because it developed social control through civilised activities, steering people away from drinking and gambling.
Churches saw creating teams as a way to bring more people in. - increase church attendance.

Churches provided halls and fields.
Sport was viewed as a good way to promote Christian values.
YMCA - Young Man’s Christian Association - promoted healthy body and mind links. Organised teams and set up clubs and competitions.

Question 16

Describe the Emergence of the Middle Class.

Answer 16

Lower-class workers who spotted opportunities to make money and better their status in society.
Unlike their social supervisors [upper class], many of the middle class were self-made individuals who had some empathy and concern for the working class.
One way they helped to improve the lives of the working class was via an improvement in sporting provision.
- Creating teams for factories.
- Leagues against other factory teams.

Question 17

Define Codification.

Answer 17

Gradual organisation of the rules and conduct of behaviour.

Question 18

Define Public Provision.

Answer 18

Local council providing facilities e.g. public baths.

Question 19

Define Philanthropists.

Answer 19

Kind, Middle Class Individuals.

Question 20

What did the newly formed middle class bring?

Answer 20

1. Codification - Strict rules in public schools and universities, old boys played a role in forming WGBs. They controlled sports and became key organizers.
2. Competitions - Development of leagues through public schools, university clubs, WABs, and factories.
3. Public Provision - Public baths and parks were provided by philanthropists.
4. Increased Leisure Time - Half days, meaning there was time for sport.
5. Move to ‘Professionalism’ - Helped in the development of early commercial and professional.

Question 21

Why were Public Baths put into place?

Answer 21

Local authorities saw it as their responsibility to provide people with the facilities to clean themselves to combat against the negative effects of industrialism , whilst also increasing the status of their town.

Question 22

What did Public Baths cause?

Answer 22

This led to improved health and productivity.
Reducing infection and illness.
Increased provision of these baths led to swimming as a sport for the working class.

Question 23

Describe the Impact of the Development of NGB’s.

Answer 23

More Leagues Required.
More Fixtures Required.
More Clubs Forming.
Different Public Schools played Different Versions.
Maintenance of ‘Amateur Ideal’
Threats of Professionalism/Commercialisation.
Rules/Codification Required.

Question 24

Explain Public Schools in Relation to Rational Recreation.

Answer 24

Certain schools were called public schools because they were not privately owned but were controlled by a group of trustees in charge of running each school.

The riotous games and activities popular at these schools at the beginning of the nineteenth century were vastly different from those played there a century later.

Question 25

Explain the Influence of Public Schools on Sports.

Answer 25

Establishment of Governing Bodies led to regular competitions.
Come up with New Rules, everywhere - Rationalisation.
Rationalise rules when they went to Uni.
Taking Games Ethic into Adulthood.

Question 26

What did Ex-Public Schoolboys become?

Answer 26

Vicars/Priests - Supporting their Parishioners in the formation of Youth Clubs and Parish Teams.
Army Officers - Increasing the morale and fitness of their Soldiers, taking British games abroad.
Community Leaders - Supporting Local initiatives and donating Money to the Town.
Parents - Influencing their Children, often sending them to their Old School.
Industrialists - Keen to spread the Values of Athleticism to their Workforce.
Community Members - Playing for and running Local Sports Clubs.
Teachers - Often in the school they had attended as boys.