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AHW - exotics > indoor birds > Flashcards

indoor birds Flashcards

(7th april)

1
Q

name the 2 categories of indoor birds

A

passerine and psittacine

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2
Q

passerine species - 2 examples

A

canaries and finches
(perching/song birds)

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3
Q

psittacine

A

parrots, macaws, cockatoos, budgies
(hooked beaks and short necks)

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4
Q

passerine vs psittacine - feet

A

PASSERINE = ANISOdactyl
(3 toes forward, 1 back)

PSITTACINE = ZYGOdactyl
(2 toes forward, 2 back)

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5
Q

psittacine - diet

A

predom seed eaters, some specialised feeders e.g. lorikeets - nectar

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6
Q

critical values in birds

A
  • very high metabolic rates
    (HR and resp rate)
  • body temp normal up to 42°C
  • passerines up to 2°C higher than other birds
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7
Q

sex determination in birds: 3 ways that birds may express/exhibit sex

A

sexual dimorphism (distinguishing gender by physical appearance)

sexually monomorphic (males and females look the same EXTERNALLY)

behaviour diffs (males usually more vocal)

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8
Q

sexual dimorphism - define

A

distinguishing gender by physical appearance

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9
Q

sexual monomorphism - define

A

males and females look the same EXTERNALLY

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10
Q

examples of 3 species that exhibit sexual dimorphism and how

A

BUDGIES (cere) - blue males, brown red females

COCKATOOS (iris) - black males, brown females

COCKATIELS - tail feather diffs after first moult

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11
Q

how to determine sex when sexually monomorphic (2 ways - just name them)

A

endoscopy

DNA analysis of blood/feather pulp

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12
Q

how to determine sex when sexually monomorphic - ENDOSCOPY
what is this?

A

endoscopy = visual assessment of gonads (inside body - invasive and dangerous - not medically necessary/animal not in danger?)

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13
Q

how to determine sex when sexually monomorphic - DNA ANALYSIS

A
  • of blood/feather pulp
  • collection under aseptic conditions to prevent contamination
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14
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:
4 factors that can be classed as air quality issues?

A
  • central heating (too warm/dry)
  • TEFLON TOXICITY
  • smoke
  • air freshener/perfumes
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15
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:
6 examples

A

1 no UV exposure

2 air quality issues

3 inapp/lack of perching

4 scary stimuli (e.g. TV, children)

5 small cages w lack of mental/physical stim

6 kept alone/in groups w limited space/resources

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16
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:
what constitutes to inapp perching?

A

all same diameter

plastic (same texture)

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17
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:
CONSEQUENCES of small cages w lack of mental/physical stim

A

obesity and poor fitness

stress related illness

stereotypical behaviours (bar biting?)

pododermatitis (bumblefoot)

self mutilation (picking at skin after feathers)

over bonding (?explain why)

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18
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:
SOLUTIONS to small cages w lack of mental/physical stim

A

toys, enrichment, opportunities to free fly and explore env outside of cage

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19
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:
CONSEQUENCES of kept alone/groups w limited space/resources

A

over-bonding (to owner?)

aggression

stress

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20
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:
SOLUTIONS TO kept alone/groups w limited space/resources

A
  • soc interaction
  • enrichment
  • lots of space/resources and ‘safe places’
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21
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:

CONSEQUENCES of no UV exposure

A
  • disorders of calcium metabolism (osteodystropy)
  • reduced preening
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22
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:

SOLUTIONS for no UV exposure

A
  • artificial full spectrum (UVA-A AND -B)
  • COMPLETE DIET
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23
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:

CONSEQUENCES of air quality issues

A
  • resp disease
  • poor skin/feather condition
  • feather plucking
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24
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:

SOLUTIONS for air quality issues

A
  • bath/spraying
  • adeq vent. but away from draughts
  • away from kitchen (teflon)
  • air deionisers
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25
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:

CONSEQUENCES of ‘scary stimuli’

A

poor welfare > fear

stress related illness

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26
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:

CONSEQUENCES of inappt/lack of perching

A

nail problems (too long as texture not wearing down?)

pododermatitis (bumblefoot)

beak problems

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27
Q

bumblefoot name

A

pododermatitis

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28
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:

SOLUTIONS for inappt/lack of perching

A

appt sized natural perches
e.g. branches

varied texture and diameter

29
Q

indoor bird cages -
what size should they be?

A
  • should be able to extend wings in all directions (MINIMUM)
  • additional opps for exercise outside of cage (cage = limited periods only)
30
Q

indoor bird cages:

their composition - what you want (4 points)

A
  • stainless steel (NOT powder coated > chew bars = zinc toxicity)
  • horizontal bars for climbing
  • avoid curved designs - maximise space
  • easy to clean
31
Q

NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

problems with seed based diets: 4

A
  • variable in quality and nutritional comp
    (don’t actually know how much of each e.g. vitamin bird is consuming)
  • high in fat
  • low in nutrients
  • bac and fungal contamination common
32
Q

NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

problems with seed based diets:

low in nutrients, which nutrients?

A
  • amino acids
  • vit A/E/D
  • iodine
  • inverse the Ca:P ratio
    (should have more Ca, but seed diet gives excess P, excreted from kidneys aswell as Ca - further depleting Ca - further inversing ratio?)
33
Q

NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS:

alts to seed based diets (4):

A
  • de husked seed
  • pulse
  • mixed (supplementation)
  • formulated
                                                ...diets
34
Q

NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS:

de husked seed diets - pros and cons

(compare to seed diet)

A

less contamination (why?)

nutritionally poor

35
Q

NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS:

pulse diets - pros and cons

(compare to seed diet)

A
  • better than seeds (more protein)
  • nutrient deficient (esp Ca > Ca:P?)

(- best as supplementary food)

36
Q

NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

MIXED diet - pros and cons

(compare to seed diet)

A
  • hard to get right (balance of nutrients etc.?)
  • allows for selective eating/sorting by bird (not ideal)
37
Q

NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

formulated diet

A
  • complete
  • nutritionally balanced
  • at least 50% f+v
38
Q

what is hepatic lipidosis?

how can it be avoided?

A

fat accumulation/fatty deposits in the liver (?)

gradual diet changes (???ask)

39
Q

specialised feeders:
give an example

+point to note

A

lorikeets - pollen and nectar

must be made up fresh to avoid bac contam. = prevent food borne illness

40
Q

NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS:

GRIT

A
  • improves digestibility - no teeth = grit and muscles to grind food in gizzard
  • protects GI tract from damage from sharp objects
  • source of nutrients e.g. Ca if oyster shell added
41
Q

NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS:

GRIT - recommended for which birds?

A

ALL

esp smaller species
may not be necessary on commercial pelleted diets

42
Q

common problems - brief list

A
  • zinc toxicity
  • bumblefoot
  • feather plucking
  • over-bonding
  • hypocalcaemia (low blood Ca)
  • hypovitaminosis A (vit A deficiency)
43
Q

zinc toxicity

  • from where?
  • signs?
A

from:
cage
coins
keys etc.

signs:
lethargy
weakness
regurgitation
weight loss
anaemia
more drinking and urinating
neuro. signs
feather plucking

44
Q

bumblefoot

  • name
  • explain what it is
A
  • ulcerative pododermatitis
  • pressure sores on feet (from standing in same place/position for long)
  • can lead to secondary infections/abscesses
45
Q

bumblefoot

predisposing factors

A
  • obesity
  • lack of activity - LAMENESS
  • poor perching
  • nutritional problems (esp hypovitaminosis A)
  • overgrown nails
  • poor hygiene (inc. risk of infection)
46
Q

feather plucking

causes

A
  • breeding related
  • behavioural (boredom/stress/poor soc)
  • nutritional deficiencies
  • improper husbandry (e.g. lack bathing/spraying)
  • allergies
  • systemic disease (affects multiple body parts/organs/whole body)
  • pain
  • zinc poisoning
  • poor wing clipping
47
Q

what is systemic disease?

A

disease that affects multiple body parts/organs/whole body

48
Q

what can feather plucking lead to?

A

self mutilation - self inflicted damage by beak to skin/deeper

49
Q

over-bonding

why/how this occurs

A

many (all?) birds monogamous and pair-bond for life

absence of mate = intense bonding with owner

50
Q

over-bonding

problems that may arise (5)

A
  • regurgitation
  • frustration
  • stress/anxiety
  • aggression (e.g. if person is interacting with others and not with bird ??)o
  • excessive egg laying
51
Q

over-bonding

prevention (4)

A
  • share interaction and caring responsibilities equally between members of household
  • avoid stroking down length of back
  • avoid behaviours such as mouth to beak feeding
  • do not positively reinforce courtship behaviours e.g. regurgitation
    (just ignore?)
52
Q

self-bonding

how it arises and the negative effect

A

with mirrors in cage (e.g. for enrichment) - bird sees as mate

‘mate’ does not mate with bird = frustration

53
Q

hypocalcaemia

  • what is it
  • how is it caused in birds
A

low blood calcium

  • Ca metabolism requires VitD
  • UV required for conversion of VitD to active form

BUT
- indoor birds:
inadequate UV exposure = less VitD in active form so less Ca metabolised
Ca and VitD deficient diet

54
Q

hypocalcaemia

signs

A
  • neuro issues (incoordination/twitching/seizures)
  • osteodystrophy (bone abnormalities/fractures)
  • beak deformities
  • repro. issues (egg abnormality, egg binding)
  • poor feather quality/plucking
55
Q

breed that is prone to hypocalcaemia?

A

African Grey Parrot

56
Q

hypovitaminosis A

  • what is it
  • why is it an issue
A
  • VitA deficiency (most common vit def)
  • VitA important for health/immune functionh
57
Q

hypovitaminosis A

where does it affect?
(+ type of cells)

A

(epithelial cells throughout body)

  • resp tract
  • repro tract
  • urinary tract
58
Q

hypovitaminosis A

clinical signs

A
  • **nasal discharge
  • **periorbital (around eyes) swelling
  • abscesses
  • sinusitis
  • **white plaques around face/in mouth
  • conjunctivitis
  • **breathing difficulties
  • increased urination and drinking
  • poor feather qual/feather plucking
  • bumblefoot
  • recurrent infections

** = most characteristic to hypovitaminosis A???

59
Q

respiratory disease

causes

A

air quality issues
e.g.
- dry and warm (central heating)
- air fresheners/perfume
- smoke
- dust
- inadequate vent.
- TEFLON TOXICITY

60
Q

infectious diseases: name 2

A

Aspergillosis

Psittacosisnf

61
Q

infectious diseases: Aspergillosis

A
  • fungal infection
  • opportunistic (will make sick when immune system damaged/weakened)
  • is everywhere – if bird particularly stressed etc. = clinical illness​
  • causes: stress, immunosuppression, underlying disease, poor husbandry, nutritional deficiencies​

tweak these so more digestible as they’re basically copy pasted from ppt

62
Q

infectious diseases: Psittacosis

A
  • Chlamydophila psittacii ​
  • Zoonotic​
  • Stress trigger = clinical illness​
  • Carrier birds esp. budgies, cockatiels (wild birds)​

tweak these so more digestible as they’re basically copy pasted from ppt

63
Q

identification methods:

A
  • ringing (left - F, right - M)
  • microchipping
  • ??DNA profiling (sexing)
  • tattooing
  • rubber stamping
  • photographing
64
Q

ringing

2 uses

A

1) identification

2) male = right leg
female = left leg

65
Q

identification methods - 4 reasons why

A
  • identifying breeding pair
  • recognise offspring from particular parents
  • trace origin/supplier
  • trace/prove ownership
66
Q

wing clipping - problems associated with

A
  • feather plucking
  • delayed moult
  • stress
  • injury
67
Q

wing clipping - procedure (5)

A
  • BILATERAL (not unilateral - may able to take off but will crash)
  • sharp sterile scissors to cut primary feathers
  • NEVER cut blood feathers (actively growing)
  • flight test clip another if flies >7.5m)
  • flight still poss (warn owner)
68
Q

wing clipping - 2 alternatives

A

training
harnesses

69
Q

claw and beak trimming - reasons

A

((normally kept in shape by mechanical action))

  • overgrowth (nut. def., liver disease, inadequate husbandry)
  • malocclusion (congenital - birth or trauma)
  • infectious disease
  • fractures
  • perching issues (?? research why)

AHW - exotics (10 decks)

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