Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AHW - exotics > aquatics (fish only) > Flashcards

aquatics (fish only) Flashcards

1
Q

variations in fish physiology and anatomy - questions to ask yourself when assessing/deciding treatment for a fish

A

what species?

diet - herbivore/carnivore/omnivore?
(internal anatomy depends on this)

what is anatomically normal?
(e.g. moray eels have pharyngeal jaw)

what is behaviourally normal?

what’s their wild habitat like?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

external anatomy of fish: 6 elements

A

operculum

lateral line

caudal fin

dorsal fin

anal fin

pectoral/pelvic fin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

external anatomy -

operculum

A

protective gill cover
involved in ‘buccal’ pump for respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

external anatomy -

caudal fin

A

largest and most powerful
forward momentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

external anatomy -

dorsal fin

A

keeps fish upright
controls direction of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

external anatomy -
anal fin

A

not all fish?
additional (to dorsal) to keep fish stable and upright

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

external anatomy -
pectoral/pelvic fins

A

steering
balance
moving up/down in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

external anatomy - lateral line

A

system of sense organs used to detect movement, vibration, pressure gradients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

fish - functions of skin

A
  • barrier to env
  • osmotic barrier
  • lubrication
  • defence against pathogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why is constant handling an issue for fish?

A

handling = removes mucus from skin = mucus offers protection e.g. from pathogens = skin issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

INTERNAL ANATOMY

GI tract
simple and short in… a)
longer in… (b)

A

a) carnivores (rapid digestion and absorption)

b) herbivores (trying to get as much nutrients from plants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

INTERNAL ANATOMY

kidney

A
  • large species variation
  • can be 2 structures (w sep functions) or 1: anterior and posterior kidneys
    NOTE: function of each kidney may varies species to species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

INTERNAL ANATOMY

anterior kidney for…

A

osmoregulation

excretion of waste

NOTE: function of each kidney may varies species to species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

INTERNAL ANATOMY

posterior kidney for…

A

hematopoiesis (blood cell prod)

immune function

NOTE: function of each kidney may varies species to species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

GILLS
(5 FUNCTIONS)

A

GAS EXCHANGE

ACID-BASE BALANCE

EXCRETION OF NITROGENOUS WASTE (not wee, some fish can actually wee)

OSMOREGULATION (ION EXCHANGE)

IMMUNE ROLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

DEFINE OSMOREGULATION

A

the maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in fluids of an organism
by the control of water and salt concentrations

17
Q

osmoregulation in fish-

how much of a fish’s total energy output is used for osmoregulation?

A

25-50%

18
Q

osmoregulation in fish-
organs/body parts involved?

A

1 kidney
2 gut
3 gills

19
Q

osmoregulation - SALT water fish

  • env is hypertonic/hypotonic to fish?
  • so, water ___________ __________ fish
  • salt obtained from?
  • salt excreted via?
A
  • hypertonic
  • passively LEAVES
  • drinking large quantities of salt water
  • urine/gills/dig tract
20
Q

osmoregulation - FRESH water fish

  • env is hypertonic/hypotonic to fish?
  • so, water ___________ __________ fish
  • salt obtained from?
  • salt excreted via?
A
  • hypotonic
  • passively ENTERS
  • food
  • high vol of urine w low salt content
21
Q

heart

receives __________ from ___________

and then?

A

ox. blood from gills

then pumps around body

(have an atrium and vent)

22
Q

what is a swim bladder?

A

(organ?)
maintaining buoyancy and position

not present in all species

23
Q

water quality - most important factors

A
  • oxygen/CO2
  • nitrogen cycle (ammonia, nitrate, nitrite)
24
Q

water quality - low oxygen

leads to… (3)

A

(respiratory distress)

gasping

gathering at areas of higher O2 (water inlets)

flared gills

25
Q

2 sources of CO2 in fish tanks:

A

fish resp.

decomposing matter

26
Q

CO2 concs: day vs night

A

(daily fluctuation opp to oxygen)

decreases during day

increases during night

27
Q

why is a high CO2 conc in water a bad thing?

A

high CO2 conc = fish can’t excrete through gills (due to conc gradient??) = CO2 builds up in blood

28
Q

countermeasure for high CO2 levels in tank

A

aeration

29
Q

water quality -
use the nitrogen cycle to explain why water should be changed on a weekly basis

A

fish waste+food/decomposing animals+plants = ammonia

TOXICITY: AMMONIA > NITRITE > NITRATE

biological filter has denitrifying bacteria to convert ammonia to nitrite (less toxic but still harmful - brown blood disease)

denitrifying bac in bio filter convert nitrite to nitrate (least toxic form)

still toxic/high levels = reason why weekly water changes are needed

30
Q

new tank syndrome

A

people buy too many fish, not enough denitrifying bac (immature biofilter)

fish eating = ammonia

ammonia = toxic
fish death = more ammonia
= more fish die

need to start with low no e.g. 1-2 fish and increase approx 4 weeks

31
Q

treating fish - factors to consider/investigate on diagnosis?

A
  • water quality
  • diet
  • stocking density
  • lighting
  • signs of illness
  • indiv or group? how many are showing signs?
  • necropsy*
32
Q

when examining fish - what to look for

A
  • check skin
  • check respiration (gill/opercula movements)
  • swimming patterns
  • observe interactions between fish
33
Q

2 common sampling (?) methods during exam

A

skin scrapes

gill clips

(can send samples off to lab/for analysis?)

34
Q

diagnostic imaging that can be used

A

radiographs

ultrasounds

35
Q

anaesthetics (3)

A

[MS-222 AK] Tricaine
(powder dissolves in water, buffer with Bicarbonate (baking soda), 1:1 ratio)

2-phenoxyethanol (aqua-sed)
(1 pump/L water, species variation, euthanasia = quadruple dose (4 pumps/L)

Eugenol
(Clove oil)

36
Q

common conditions - ‘dropsy’

THIS IS NOT A DISEASE, BUT A CLINICAL SIGN

A

caused by fluid build up in body, problems with osmoregulation

= buoyancy issues

often issue with swim bladder (due to water qual?)

37
Q

common conditions in fish

1st is clinical sign not condition
then (4)

A
  • dropsy
  • tumours
  • infectious diseases
  • egg binding/dystocia (female)
  • polycystic kidneys
38
Q

blood sampling in fish:

A
  • in tail vein, ventral to spine, (see onenote for photo) needle at 90/45 degree angle
39
Q

why use zebrafish as research models?

A
  • genetic similarity to humans
  • ease of care
  • easy to see impact of gen mut. or drug (transparent embryo and larvae)
  • high no.s of offspring
  • easier to introduce genetic changes

AHW - exotics (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions