Individuals involved in the 1848 Revolutions Flashcards
Ferdinand II
- Neapolitan ruler of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
- January 27th 1848 - appointed a more liberal ministry in Naples
- February 1848 - grants a conservative constitution in Naples
- April 1848 - he is no longer declared king of Sicily, following the election of a new Parliament under revolutionaries
- May 1848 - a moderate ministry in Naples, and Ferdinand is persuaded to broaden the franchise, break diplomatic relations with Austria, and send (17,000) troops against them. He agrees to a two chamber parliament with limited power and frees and press from censorship, but the peasants are ignored
- August 6th 1848 - appoints an anti-constitutional opportunist to be put in charge of the government in Naples, and loses all previous interest of reform
- September 1848 - dispatches 20,000 troops to seize Messina in Sicily, the Sicilian Parliament surrenders and he is nicknamed ‘King Bomba’
- March 1849 - He abolishes the parliament in Naples and orders his forces in Sicily to take the offensive. The Sicilian government and its forces disintegrate, leading to Sicily and Naples reuniting under the same ruler
- May 15th 1849 - puts a Neapolitan commander in charge, and gives him complete authority in Sicily. He re-establishes autocratic rule in Naples and Sicily
Grand Duke Leopold/Leopold II
- Ruler of Tuscany (Central Duchies)
- February 17th 1848 - grants a conservative constitution in Tuscany
- October 1848 - forced to appoint a more democratic government
- January 1849 - atmosphere in Tuscany becomes more radical, so Leopold II abdicates
- April 1849 - after the defeat of Piedmont at Novara, moderates begun to gain the upper hand again, so Leopold II returns
Charles Albert
- Italian king of Piedmont
- March 1848 - grants the Statuto, creating a constitutional monarchy and improving freedoms and rights of the Piedmontese people
- March 22nd 1848 - fearing French intervention if he hesitated, he declared war on Austria and invaded Lombardy
- April 29th 1848 - his position is weakened following the Papal Allocution, as his Catholic soldiers didn’t want to go against the Pope’s word (and against the Austrians)
- May 1848 - takes Peschiera and wins the Battle of Goito (Lombardy), his troops begin to distrust each other due to regional loyalties and different political aims - this leads him to only accept troops who swear loyalty to Piedmont
- July 24th 1848 - CA and allies are crushed at the Battle of Custozza
- August 1848 - Piedmontese are expelled from Lombardy
- 23rd March 1849 - Piedmont is crushed at the Battle of Novara
- March 1849 - CA abdicates
Metternich
- The Austrian Chancellor
- March 1848 - a revolution breaks out in Vienna and he resigns
Radetsky
- Austrian commander in Milan
- March 18th 1848 - withdrew to the Quadrilateral during the Five Glorious Days in Milan (Lombardy)
- June 1848 - he sends a Prince to Vienna to persuade the government to let him fight CA
Cassati
Led a group of moderates during the Five Glorious Days in Milan, who wanted a union with Piedmont
Cattaneo
Led a group of radicals during the Five Glorious Days, who wanted a federation of Italian republics
Daniel Manin
- March 22nd Venetia - a Venetian Republic is declared under Manin
- August 1849 - Republic of Venice is forced to surrender due to hunger and cholera
Pepe
Leader of troops from Naples
- March 22nd 1848 - came to CA’s aid after he declared war on Austria
- May 1848 - Ferdinand sent a force of 17,000 Neapolitan men under the command of Pepe
- May 1849 - many of his soldiers return home to Piedmont to help fight Austria
Durando
Leader of troops from the Papal states
- March 22nd 1848 - came to CA’s aid after he declared war on Austria, which went against the Pope’s word as to not upset Austria (Catholic country)
Pope Pius
- February 17th 1848 - issues a constitution for the Papal States
- April 29th 1848 - Allocution issued which stated that war with Austria didn’t have his blessing
- September 1848 - appoints an anti-liberal PM, hoping to clamp down on radicals and liberals
- November 1848 - the anti-liberal PM is murdered, and Pius flees to Gaeta in Naples (26th)
- April 1849 - at a meeting with his cardinals, he calls for foreign support to help restore papal power in Rome
Nicola Maresca
- Duke of Serracapriola
- January 27th 1848 - Led a liberal ministry in Naples, was appointed by Ferdinand II
Carlo Troya
- Head of a moderate ministry
- May 1848 - a moderate ministry under Troya is established in Naples
Prince Schwarzenberg
Sent by Radetsky to Vienna in June 1848 to persuade the government to let him fight Charles Albert
Giustino Fortunato
An anti-constitutional opportunist who is put in charge of Naples’s government by Ferdinand II
