Booklet 1, Big Question 7: How was each state affected by the 1848 revolutions and what were the different reasons for failure?

Question 1

Situation in Sicily

Answer 1

Desperate state - outbreak of cholera, period of Ferdinand II repression

Question 2

How many army reinforcements arrived in Sicily?

Answer 2

5000

Question 3

What happened during the Sicilian 1848 revolution?

Answer 3

• The city was taken over and the 1812 constitution was demanded
• Ferdinand’s 18th January offer of autonomy to Sicily was rejected
• Revolutionaries had taken over most of the island and middle class moderates established a provisional government - they were worried about the peasants (who arrived to support), so set up a civic guard to control them: stop them from damaging property, freeing prisoners and burning tax records
• A parliament was elected and it was decided that the King of Naples no longer ruled Sicily

Question 4

What happened in September 1848, Sicily?

Answer 4

Ferdinand dispatched a force of 20,000 to seize Messina and the Sicilian parliament surrendered after 3 days

Question 5

Sicily, March 1849

Answer 5

• Ferdinand abolishes the Parliament in Naples
• (Ferdinand’s) Neapolitan forces advance on Palermo and the Sicilian government and its armed forces disintegrate
• Sicily and Naples become reunited under the same ruler (King of Naples)

Question 6

Which group in Naples rose up when news of the situation in Sicily had spread?

Answer 6

Those that lived in the restive province of Salerno, which had suffered from famine

Question 7

Naples, January 17th rising

Answer 7

• Launched by the secret societies
• Public records were burned
• Some Bourbon officials were killed
• Concessions by the King of Naples were met with demands for the 1820 constitution

Question 8

Naples, January 27th

Answer 8

• 10 days later from the first rise, Ferdinand yielded after a massive demonstration
• Ferdinand appointed a more liberal ministry led by Nicola Maresca
• Troops were withdrawn from Palermo
• A conservative constitution is granted - this was greeted with enthusiasm

Question 9

What did Ferdinand do after the granting of a new constitution in Naples?

Answer 9

A moderate ministry was established, headed by Carlo Troya. This persuaded Ferdinand to broaden the franchise, break diplomatic relationships with Austria, and to send a Neapolitan force against the Austrians. Ferdinand agreed to a 2 chamber parliament (which had limited powers) and to free the press from censorship

Question 10

How many men were in the Neapolitan force sent against Austria following establishment of a moderate ministry?

Answer 10

17,000 men, headed by General Guglielmo Pepe

Question 11

Who was put in charge of the government of Naples?

Answer 11

The anti-constitutional opportunist, Giustino Fortunato - however, actual power was in the hands of the king

Question 12

What does the Pope do to not upset Austria?

Answer 12

In his Allocution, he states that war with Austria doesn’t have his blessing - goes against CA wishes for a united Italy, and weakens his position

Question 13

Who does Pius IX appoint as his PM? What happens to them?

Answer 13

The anti-liberal Count Rossi, he’s murdered by a mob when entering Parliament on November 26th and the Pope abdicates to Gaeta in Naples

Question 14

In the absence of the Pope, what happens in Rome/the Papal states?

Answer 14

A revolutionary government is established under the leadership of Giuseppe Galletti, who introduced popular measures: tax reform, public works, the setting up of the Constituente to decide the future of Rome and Italy

Question 15

During the first meeting of the Constituente, what is discussed?

Answer 15

The setting up of a Roman Republic and announces the end of the Pope’s power

Question 16

Who is Charles Albert persuaded by to beat the Austrians, which led to a crushing defeat in the Battle of ____, _____?

Answer 16

Gioberti and Chiodo (PM of Piedmont), Battle of Novara, 23rd March

Question 17

Members of the Triumvirate?

Answer 17

Mazzini, Armellini, Saffi

Question 18

What did the Triumvirate do?

Answer 18

• Reformed Roman laws
• Cleared slums
• Ended church control of the press,
• Abolished the death penalty
• Removed church control of education
• Promised a constitution

Question 19

How is the Roman Republic defeated? + actions of other key individuals

Answer 19

• 20,000 French troops amassed and put Rome under siege
• Garibaldi escapes with 400 followers and marches to San Marino to continue the fight
• Mazzini appeals to the people of Rome o the 5th of July, and then escapes to exile in London

Question 20

What triggers the “5 glorious days” in Milan?

Answer 20

A boycott of tobacco (which the Austrians had monopoly over)

Question 21

What happened during the “5 glorious days”?

Answer 21

• 10,000 people presented a petition for liberal reforms to the Austrian governor general in Milan
• Barricades were soon put up which Anti-Austrian forces on one side and Austrian troops on the other
• Radetsky, the Austrian commander in Milan, withdrew to the Quadrilateral
• Lombardy asked Piedmont for a protective alliance against the Austrians

Question 22

What did moderates led to Cassati want (5gd)?

Answer 22

Union with Piedmont

Question 23

What did radicals under Cattaneo want (5gd)?

Answer 23

To create a federation of Italian republics

Question 24

Why did CA declare war on Austria and invade Lombardy?

Answer 24

He feared French intervention

Question 25

Events of CA’s declared war on Austria and invasion of Lombardy

Answer 25

• Italian troops from all over Italy swarmed to help CA - soldiers from Naples led by Pepe, an army from the Papal states led by Durando (however, this led to divisions in his army due to different political aims and regional loyalty)
• CA took Prechiera and won the Battle of Goito
• 30,000 French troops amassed on Piedmont’s western border - CA and allies are crushed at the Battle of Custozza
• The Piedmontese and expelled from Lombardy, on the 11th of August = Armistice of Salasco is signed
• CA abdicates and is replaced by VEII
• A peace treaty is signed between Austria and Piedmont

Question 26

How many reparations did Piedmont have to pay to Austria?

Answer 26

65 million French francs

Question 27

Who resigns when revolution breaks out in Vienna? What follows?

Answer 27

Metternich, a new Venetian republic is declared under Daniel Manin (who asks Piedmont and CA for an alliance against Austria)

Question 28

Why does the Republic of Venice surrender?

Answer 28

Hunger and an outbreak of cholera - Venetia was then back under Austrian control

Question 29

What happens in the Central Duchies?

Answer 29

Tuscany: Grand Duke Leopold grants a conservative constitution and is forced to appoint a more democratic government led by Montanelli, who wanted a people’s war against Austria. The atmosphere became more radical and Leopold fled. The moderates regain the upper hand after the defeat of Piedmont in Novara, which leads Leopold to return