Booklet 1, Big Question 1: What was Italy like in 1830?

Question 1

Who ruled the Central Duchies?

Answer 1

• Satellites of Austria, ruled by Dukes and Duchesses

Question 2

In Modena (Central Duchies), which duke hated all liberals and married Victor Emmanuel’s daughter?

Answer 2

The Hapsburg Duke Francis IV

Question 3

Which group returned to the Central Duchies in the 1830s?

Answer 3

The Jesuits

Question 4

What did Ferdinand III do in Tuscany (Central Duchies)?

Answer 4

He improved education, reorganised the universities of Pisa and Siena, he spent more on girls’ education, and expanded the health facilities

Question 5

Which city in the Central Duchies was the most civilised city - the centre of Renaissance and the Italian language?

Answer 5

Florence - large population, growing towns, intensely cultivated

Question 6

Ferdinand allowed freedom of expression, hence the founding of which journal? Which influential individual wrote in it?

Answer 6

• Antologia, 1821

- Mazzini

Question 7

Who ruled in Parma (Central Duchies)?

Answer 7

Duchess Marie-Louise - an enlightened ruler who would not allow reactionary policies

Question 8

Who ruled in Piedmont-Sardinia?

Answer 8

The House of Savoy under King Victor Emmanuel I (who was anti-French) - an old fashioned monarchy with absolute power

Question 9

Which year did Piedmont take over Sardinia?

Answer 9

1720 - Sardinia was very Spanish, underdeveloped and feudal

Question 10

What was the capital of Piedmont-Sardinia?

Answer 10

Turin

Question 11

Most economically advanced state with a strong army?

Answer 11

Piedmont-Sardinia

Question 12

When was the church restored to its privileged status in Piedmont-Sardinia? What did they have power over? Which group were asked to return?

Answer 12

• (After) 1815
• Had power over education
• Jesuits asked to return

Question 13

What was banned in Piedmont-Sardinia as they were seen as too revolutionary?

Answer 13

Long hair and beards

Question 14

In Piedmont-Sardinia, who had lost their jobs?

Answer 14

• Middle class who prospered under Napoleon

- Replaced by old noble families

Question 15

What was Piedmont-Sardinia’s government like?

Answer 15

• Effective established government

- Free and open trials abolished

Question 16

When was Lombardy, plus the Italian territory of the former Republic of Venice (Venetia) returned to direct Austrian control?

Answer 16

1814

Question 17

In 1815, which provinces were considered the richest Italian provinces?

Answer 17

Lombardy and Venetia

Question 18

Which northern Italy city was one of the Quadrilateral fortresses?

Answer 18

Mantua

Question 19

Taxation, etc.. in Lombardy/Venetia?

Answer 19

• Heavy taxation and conscription

- The states provided 1/4 of Austria’s revenue

Question 20

Who ruled Lombardy/Venetia?

Answer 20

They were separate political units having a separate government headed by a viceroy (usually an Austrian Archduke), separate currency, finances, judiciaries and different postal stamps

Question 21

What was Lombardy/Venetia like?

Answer 21

• Austria reacted to discontent with severe police measures and stricter censorship
• Napoleonic administration was dismantled and many reforms, especially legal reforms, were abolished
• Education was compulsory until age 12
• After 1815, the language of administration became German and only Austrian judges, civil services, police and army officers were used

Question 22

Who ruled the Papal States?

Answer 22

• Pope Pius VII

- Austrian troops were stationed in the Papal States to protect the Pope and protect Conservatism

Question 23

What was government like in the Papal States?

Answer 23

• During the 1830s, a series of hard-line Popes known as the Zealots established a tight control on government, education, culture and politics in the Papal States
• Censorship was imposed and all opposition was crushed

Question 24

What was the feared court called in the Papal States?

Answer 24

The Inquisition - they used torture and execution against heretics

Question 25

What was life like under the church in the Papal states?

Answer 25

• Backward and economically poor

- Pre-industrial, very feudal economy

Question 26

Which powerful group in the Papal States blocked all suggestions of reform?

Answer 26

The Zelanti

Question 27

Why did the Pope not allow communications (e.g. telegraphs, railways)?

Answer 27

In case they spread new ideas

Question 28

What was it like in the Two Sicilies?

Answer 28

• Suffered from diseases such as malaria and famine due to poor harvests and infertile land
• The Government was corrupt and there was strict censorship, reduced spending on: schools, communications and social projects

Question 29

Which state controlled Sicily?

Answer 29

Naples

Question 30

Biggest city in Sicily?

Answer 30

Palermo

Question 31

Which ideas did many in the kingdom (Sicily) adopt?

Answer 31

Liberal ideas

Question 32

What was Ferdinand’s rule like in the Two Sicilies?

Answer 32

His rule was oppressive, cruel and reactionary

Question 33

What did Ferdinand cancel in 1812?

Answer 33

The Sicilian Constitution - this allowed people to have a say in government

Question 34

What % of Italians worked the land?

Answer 34

90%

Question 35

What % of the Italian population actually spoke Italian?

Answer 35

2.5%

Question 36

What was it like in the South?

Answer 36

• The soil of the South was inferior
• Crippled with Malaria
• The land was owned by absent landlords and rented by peasant farmers - known as Latifundia
• The South had many landless poor who worked as labourers but suffered from underemployment

Question 37

Which industries were growing in the North?

Answer 37

Textiles and light industries