Booklet 1, Big Question 1: What was Italy like in 1830? Flashcards
Who ruled the Central Duchies?
- Satellites of Austria, ruled by Dukes and Duchesses
In Modena (Central Duchies), which duke hated all liberals and married Victor Emmanuel’s daughter?
The Hapsburg Duke Francis IV
Which group returned to the Central Duchies in the 1830s?
The Jesuits
What did Ferdinand III do in Tuscany (Central Duchies)?
He improved education, reorganised the universities of Pisa and Siena, he spent more on girls’ education, and expanded the health facilities
Which city in the Central Duchies was the most civilised city - the centre of Renaissance and the Italian language?
Florence - large population, growing towns, intensely cultivated
Ferdinand allowed freedom of expression, hence the founding of which journal? Which influential individual wrote in it?
- Antologia, 1821
- Mazzini
Who ruled in Parma (Central Duchies)?
Duchess Marie-Louise - an enlightened ruler who would not allow reactionary policies
Who ruled in Piedmont-Sardinia?
The House of Savoy under King Victor Emmanuel I (who was anti-French) - an old fashioned monarchy with absolute power
Which year did Piedmont take over Sardinia?
1720 - Sardinia was very Spanish, underdeveloped and feudal
What was the capital of Piedmont-Sardinia?
Turin
Most economically advanced state with a strong army?
Piedmont-Sardinia
When was the church restored to its privileged status in Piedmont-Sardinia? What did they have power over? Which group were asked to return?
- (After) 1815
- Had power over education
- Jesuits asked to return
What was banned in Piedmont-Sardinia as they were seen as too revolutionary?
Long hair and beards
In Piedmont-Sardinia, who had lost their jobs?
- Middle class who prospered under Napoleon
- Replaced by old noble families
What was Piedmont-Sardinia’s government like?
- Effective established government
- Free and open trials abolished
When was Lombardy, plus the Italian territory of the former Republic of Venice (Venetia) returned to direct Austrian control?
1814
In 1815, which provinces were considered the richest Italian provinces?
Lombardy and Venetia
Which northern Italy city was one of the Quadrilateral fortresses?
Mantua
Taxation, etc.. in Lombardy/Venetia?
- Heavy taxation and conscription
- The states provided 1/4 of Austria’s revenue
Who ruled Lombardy/Venetia?
They were separate political units having a separate government headed by a viceroy (usually an Austrian Archduke), separate currency, finances, judiciaries and different postal stamps
What was Lombardy/Venetia like?
- Austria reacted to discontent with severe police measures and stricter censorship
- Napoleonic administration was dismantled and many reforms, especially legal reforms, were abolished
- Education was compulsory until age 12
- After 1815, the language of administration became German and only Austrian judges, civil services, police and army officers were used
Who ruled the Papal States?
- Pope Pius VII
- Austrian troops were stationed in the Papal States to protect the Pope and protect Conservatism
What was government like in the Papal States?
- During the 1830s, a series of hard-line Popes known as the Zealots established a tight control on government, education, culture and politics in the Papal States
- Censorship was imposed and all opposition was crushed
What was the feared court called in the Papal States?
The Inquisition - they used torture and execution against heretics
What was life like under the church in the Papal states?
- Backward and economically poor
- Pre-industrial, very feudal economy
Which powerful group in the Papal States blocked all suggestions of reform?
The Zelanti
Why did the Pope not allow communications (e.g. telegraphs, railways)?
In case they spread new ideas
What was it like in the Two Sicilies?
- Suffered from diseases such as malaria and famine due to poor harvests and infertile land
- The Government was corrupt and there was strict censorship, reduced spending on: schools, communications and social projects
Which state controlled Sicily?
Naples
Biggest city in Sicily?
Palermo
Which ideas did many in the kingdom (Sicily) adopt?
Liberal ideas
What was Ferdinand’s rule like in the Two Sicilies?
His rule was oppressive, cruel and reactionary
What did Ferdinand cancel in 1812?
The Sicilian Constitution - this allowed people to have a say in government
What % of Italians worked the land?
90%
What % of the Italian population actually spoke Italian?
2.5%
What was it like in the South?
- The soil of the South was inferior
- Crippled with Malaria
- The land was owned by absent landlords and rented by peasant farmers - known as Latifundia
- The South had many landless poor who worked as labourers but suffered from underemployment
Which industries were growing in the North?
Textiles and light industries
