Booklet 4, Big Question 3: How was Rome made part of Italy? Flashcards
The importance of Rome
- Without it, they were not geographically unified - Italy was incomplete
- It was a symbol of foreign interference in their country and they wanted the French out - the Italians craved complete independence (it was the spiritual heartbeat of Italy)
- Without Rome, the nationalists would feel betrayed and Italy would have no soul
- The Italian government need to bring the Pope under control - his allocution, Syllabus of Errors and Papal infallibility had damaged the new kingdom and they wanated his influence reduced
When did Piedmont defeat Papal forces at Castelfidaro? Who were they on their way to meet?
September 1860, they were on their way south to meet Garibaldi so it seemed like direct negotiations between the anti-clerical Italian government and the Pope were unlikely and was made more unlikely after the 1864 Syllabus of Errors
What had caused Catholic backlash in France?
Napoleon had failed to act to protect the Pope in 1860
- They forced a vote on the Rome question in the French Chamber of Deputies and Senate in _____, ____, and agreed to keep French troops in Rome
- What strengthened this resolve?
- March 1861
- This resolve was strengthened following Garibaldi’s failed attempt to take Rome in 1862
The September Convention of 1864 stated that the Pope could raise an army for protection of what size?
10,000 troops
In 1865, after Minghetti was sacked, where did the government move to?
Tuscany
When did the French troops leave Rome and what year did they come back? Why?
- They left in December 1866
- They returned in 1867 after Garibaldi attempted to seize Rome (the 2nd time)
What year did Garibaldi leave Caprera and how many men did he gather to march on Rome?
- He left in 1862
- He gathered 4000 men from his “Party of Action” to march on Rome
When was Garibaldi stopped by Italian troops when marching on Rome? Where was he stopped and what injury did he recieve?
29th August, 1862(?), stopped in the mountains at Aspromonte and was shot in the foot
When and where was Garibaldi defeated by French troops when trying to start an uprising against the Pope?
November 3rd 1867, Mentana
After the September Conference of 1864, when a capital change was planned to happen, Garibaldi escaped from house arrest and sailed for the mainland. He had been wrong on 3 counts:
1) He had failed to realise that he would have to face the French
2) He would have to face the Italian army, who would not allow “bandits” to threaten the Pope and claim the glory of taking Rome
3) There was no popular uprising against the Pope in the Papal States because the Church was economically and spiritually vital to the people who lived there
On the 20th of September 1870, the Bersaglieri (Italian army) entered Rome and marched down Via Pia. How many casualties were there?
49 Italian troops, 4 officers and 19 Papal troops
What date was the plebiscite that annexed Rome and Latium to the Kingdom of Italy
October 2nd 1870
What law did the Italian Government pass in attempt to appease the Pope? What did this law do?
The Law of Guarantees - it recognised the powers of the Pope and gave him a grant of £129,000 per annum (however, he declared himself a prisoner to the Vatican)
When was the capital of Italy moved from Florence to Rome?
July 1871
