Booklet 4, Big Question 4: What were the factors dividing Italy by 1871? Flashcards
What was the economy of the south hampered by?
Lack of capital and skilled labour
What was the main industry of the south?
Agriculture, with fruit and olives being exported and silk being produced in cottages
Why was power a problem in the south?
They had a lack of water, unlike the north, which had ivers from the Alps
Why was unification bad for the south?
It had led to the removal of tariffs which had protected southern industry - this led to industries, such as the silk industry, collapsing, as they couldn’t compete with the North
Unification led to higher taxes. Give an example of how this affected the south
The Wars of the Resorgimento had to be paid for and the poor were targeted for tax rises, e.g. Grist Tax in 1868
Poverty led to high infant mortality rates. What percentage of babies died before reaching their 1st birthday, and how many children before their 5th (in 1871)?
- 22.7% of babies died before their 1st birthday
- 50% of children died before their 5th birthday
What factors led to seasonal migration to richer northern states or abroad (France, Switzerland)
Poverty, unemployment, higher taxes, lack of land
In 1871, how many Italians emigrated (to the USA, South America, Argentina)
120,000 Italians
What did the Law of Guarantees give the Pope?
- The status of a monarch, his own postal service, full religious powers
- It gave his representatives at the Vatican full diplomatic status
- It gave him 3225000 lire per year as compensation for loss of land
Opposition towards to State strengthened the church as it was a stand against which 3 ideas?
Liberalism, modernity, secularism
From 1870, there were two courts in Rome. Where were these courts? Why were there two?
- One court was in the Quirinale Palace, the other in the Vatican
- The purpose of having two was to weaken Italy
The Italian Parliament was made up of which two chambers?
Chamber of Deputies and Senate
Deputies were elected to represent their constituencies. However, the electorate was narrow. In 1871, which percentage of the population were able to vote?
2.2% of the population were able to vote, which is 500,000 people
How many of those eligible to vote did so? (%) Why was this the case?
Only 60% of people who were able to vote did so as Catholics and republicans boycotted on principle
Those on the “Right”?
- These were typically people from the North, whom were often aristocratic
- They supported the monarchy and the process of improving Italy
Those on the “Left”?
- These were normally from a middle class background or the South
- They tended to be more anti-clerical and were keener for an extension of the franchise
Which Mazzinian led an attack on army barracks in Pavia, shouting “Long live Rome, long live the Republic, down with the monarchy”? When was this and what happened to them?
- Barsanti - he was arrested and shot despite a petition of 40,000 calling for him to be pardoned
- 24th May 1870
What was irredentism?
Italian irredentism was a nationalist movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Italy with irredentist goals which promoted unification of geographic areas in which indigenous ethnic Italians and Italian-speaking persons formed a majority, or substantial minority, of the population
Which political group were most likely to have an irredentist agenda?
Republicans (right?)
What did Irredentists in the North want to free other Italians from?
They wanted to free Italians living under Habsburg rule such as Trentino, Istria and Trieste
Other irredentists wanted to free Rome and use the rebirth of Italy to create what?
To create an imperial power in the Mediterranean
What did “Left” irredentists want to do?
- They wanted to agitate against France, and in 1870, Crispi called for a return of Nice and Savoy to Italian control
- Others believed that Malta and Corsica should be under Italian control as part of a Greater Italy
