individualistic theories of criminality

Question 1

what is the idea of moral development by Kohlberg

Answer 1

thinking and mental processes shape our beliefes

Question 2

what was Yolchson and Samenow’s Criminal personality theory

Answer 2

that criminals are prone to faulty thinking errors such as lying, power dynamic, thinking they are special

Question 3

what is moral reasoning: Moral Development

Answer 3

the idea that morals govern our behavior, shaped by what we define right and wrong

Question 4

what is pre-conventional moral reasoning

Answer 4

when we are younger we define right and wrong by rewards and punishments

Question 5

what is post-conventional moral reasoning

Answer 5

when we are older we define right and wrong by our own principles rather than the law

Question 6

what kind of moral reasoning to criminals have

Answer 6

pre-conventional as they don’t develop moral reasoning

Question 7

2 strengths to moral reasoning

Answer 7

1) studies show delinquents are stuck at immature level
2) links crimes of theft and robbery than violent crimes

Question 8

1 limitation of moral reasoning

Answer 8

1) focuses on moral reasoning rather than behaviour that is done thinking morally but acted imorally

Question 9

what is operant conditioning

Answer 9

the idea our behaviour is based on positive and negative reinforcements

Question 10

how is differential reinforcement linked to operant conditioning

Answer 10

if crime has more beneficial consequences it is likely to be done, financial or emotional

Question 11

2 strengths of operant conditioning

Answer 11

1) if crime has more benefiical consequenses it is logical to think it is likely to be done
2) studies show animals learn from reinforcements

Question 12

2 limitations to operant conditioning

Answer 12

1) evidence is based on animals
2) ignores the fact humans have free choice and will

Question 13

what is Albert Bandura’s social learning theory

Answer 13

young children imitate the behaviour they see their role models do

Question 14

how do we learn agressive behaviour

Answer 14

we learn agressive behaviour by imitating others

Question 15

how is vicarious reinforcement linked to social learning

Answer 15

we copy behavior based on the consequences. if our role models are seen as rewarded for behavior, more likely to imitate

Question 16

what was the experiment albert bandura did

Answer 16

Bobo doll experiment: found the first group imitated agressive behaviour

Question 17

2 strengths of social learning theory

Answer 17

1) considers humans are sociable and learn from not just their own experiences
2) study showed children imitate agressive behaviour

Question 18

2 limitations to social learning theory

Answer 18

1) ignores humans have free choice and will 2) based on lab experiments

Question 19

what is the differential association theory

Answer 19

criminal behaviour is largely learnt from families and peers

Question 20

what does imitation mean

Answer 20

we learn criminal skills from observing

Question 21

what does learned attitudes mean

Answer 21

we are socialised when we are younger and that could affect our attitudes and values about the CJS.

Question 22

what are pro and anti crime attitudes

Answer 22

once we see pro crime attitudes, we are more likely to offend
once we see anti crime attitudes, we are less likely to offend

Question 23

2 strengths for Differential assossiation theory

Answer 23

1) supported by evidence that showed crime ran in families
2) evidence that the attitudes of work environments normalised and justified criminal behaviourk

Question 24

1 limitation of differential association

Answer 24

not everyone exposed to criminal influence becomes a criminal

Question 25

what is freud’s tripate theory

Answer 25

we have parts that need to be balances to be healthy. our ego should be strong enough to cope with id and superego

Question 26

what are the id, ego and superego?

Answer 26

id: our instincts, wants instant gratification
ego: our reality, mediator between the 2
superego, morality, same morals as same-sex parent

Question 27

what happens if id is more dominant than superego

Answer 27

more likely to lead with impulsive behaviour

Question 28

what happens if superego is more dominanant

Answer 28

more likely to be moralistic and judgemental

Question 29

how is a deviant superego caused

Answer 29

this is caused when our same sex parent is criminal

Question 30

2 strengths for freud’s triparte theory

Answer 30

1) shows the importance of early socialisation
2) helped shape policies on crime and deviance

Question 31

2 limitation for freud’s tripate theory

Answer 31

1) we can’t test the unconscious mind
2) it is unscientific and subjective

Question 32

what is maternal deprivation

Answer 32

bowlby says this is when a child lacks a close connection with thier primary caregiver, anabling the child to not develop normally

Question 33

what was Bowlby’s study and what did he find

Answer 33

study of 44 thieves: he found the consequences of maternal deprivation, it was likely to lead to attachments in the future, inability to feel remorse, delinquency and cognitive behaviour problems

Question 34

what did Bowlby find as a result

Answer 34

he found that 39% of criminals suffered from early separation before the age of 5 compared to 5% of the control group

Question 35

2 strengths of maternal deprivation

Answer 35

1) shows a link between maternal deprivation and crime
2) Shows the importance of early socialisation

Question 36

2 limitations of maternal deprivation

Answer 36

1) study doesnt account for the majority 61%
2) study had mothers and their children account past experiences, this may be had to actively recall